telnet, ftp, HTTP- (WWW-), . . :
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) . web- www- (HTTP-) web- (HTTP-).
FTP (File Transfer Protocol). , . FTP .
SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) . Internet.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol - Version 3) . ( ).
NNTP ( Network News Transfer Protocol) . , NNTP NNTP ( ) .
Telnet - , .
SMTP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - () .
IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) Internet.
, .
() . , , , . , ( - ).
, , , , (, ..). , ; ; .
: UDP TCP.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol - ) - : (, ) ( ) .
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TCP Internet: WWW (HTTP), FTP, SMTP, POP3, Telnet.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol, )- , .
UDP , ( ) , , - (, NFS).
UDP .
, UDP: NFS (Network File System - ), TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol - ), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol - ), DNS (Domain Name Service - ).
IP (Internet Protocol) - . IP , , IP- . IP- 32- (, ).
, IP, - , .. . ; , , . IP.
IP , IP- . , ( - ). - , IP : - , - , - - . IP - .
, , RIP (Routing Internet Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). - . ICMP , , , , ..
TCP/IP - .
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IP, . IP- , , MAC- ( ); , , , .
TCP/IP
IP-. Internet , TCP/IP IP- 32 - . IP- IP-.
TCP/IP DNS, , , www.yandex.ru, www.microsoft.com. . Internet, . , . , 1 ru, yandex.ru.
, , IP-. IP- DNS-. DNS- IP- .
Internet , DNS. : www, ftp, smtp, pop3 , , .
IP -
, TCP/IP (Internet) IP-. IP- 32- , .
IP- - : 32 IP- , , . ,
10100000.01010001.00000101.10000011 = 160.81.5.131
IP- IP-, , , . , .
, , , .. .
IP- . , ; , IP- . .
A, B IP- . D E .
. . 8 . , 27 , 224 =16777216. , IP- 0 127, .
. 10. 16 . , 214 , 216 =65536. IP- 128 191, .
. 110. 24 . 221, 28 =256. IP- 192 - 223, .
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D. 1110. IP- 224 -239. - .
E. 1111. IP- 240 . .
. | . | . | . | - | - | 2- | ||
A | 0-127 | 1.0.0.0 126.0.0.0 : 0.0.0.0, 127.x.x.x | 224 2 = | 00000000. 00000000.00000000.00000000 01111111. 11111111.11111111.11111111 | ||||
B | 128-191 | 128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0 | 214 = | 216 2 = | 10000000.00000000. 00000000.00000000 10111111.11111111. 11111111.11111111 | |||
C | 192-223 | 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.0 | 221 = 2097152 | 28 2 = | 11000000.00000000.00000000. 00000000 11011111.11111111.11111111. 11111111 | |||
D | 224-239 | 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000 11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111 | ||||||
E | 240-255 | 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 |
0.0.0.0 .
127.0.0.0 loopback ( ). . IP- , ( TCP/IP ).
IP- .
BROADCAST .
IP c
A,B, C . C 254 , B 65536. , .
, - IP- . IP- . 21 , , , 11 , , 211 = 2046 IP-. , 21- , , .
, : , 21 ? IP- , , , .
IP- 32- , (netmask) (subnet mask). :
, , (1);
, , (0).
.. 32 , , , , . - .
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IP- 205.37.193.134, 26 6 :
IP = 205.37.193.134 netmask = 255.255.255.192
:
IP = | 11001101 00100101 11000111 10000110 |
= | 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 |
, ( - ):
network = | 11001101 00100101 11000111 10 000000 |
, 205.37.193.128 netmask 255.255.255.192