. ., . . . .
1. (70%).
2. (20%).
3. . (10%).
u- .
=G *As/ l *π*d = G * d / l *4.
τ = 20-40/2=2-4.
l = (20-25) d.
-! , l .
1. l ≥5d
2. l >10d.
.
-4 , , . , , .
.
1. .
2.
3. .
4. : .
, , .
3. : .
. Rb, , . , , - : - , - .
1. .
2.
3. -
-
1)≤Rb*Ab*zb+Rs*Aszs ()
=N*e .
2) RbAb+Rsc As - RsAsN=0.-1
RbAb+Rsc As - σsAsN=0. 2 .
, σs = Rsc- sp σsp.
1 . , Rb,
2 s <Rs. . . , , , .
3.
σsc,u
, =0.
- . 
- , .
1. ξ≤ξR. 2. ξ>ξR.
.
.
, .
l=H.
Ʃ 
N .
=(+G)
=h/2 /3.
.
0=/N. N=ƩN+P+G.
N () ≤ ϕ1*m * R* A (1- l0 /h) ω,
= q * 2 /12.
h=51, 100 /2 .
140 /2 . 180 /2 .
.
1 . .
.
, 
r11 . . r1 .
|
|
|
=Δ Δ1 + .
.
.
1= - δ1/ δ11.
11 , 1 .
.
=/N.
N≤ ϕ1*m * R* A (1- 2 l0 /h) ω.
