, . -. - , . , , , . , , , -, .
CPanel
cPanel, . , . - , 50 . , , .
Website Panel
, Website Panel , Windows. Dotnet Panel.
ISPmanager
ISPmanager -. , . .
VPS (Virtual Private Server) , . OpenVZ, FreeBSD Jail . ( userspace) , ( Linux FreeBSD), . - , . , -.
VDS (Virtual Dedicated Server) , , CPU. VDS KVM, XEN, VMWare . , x86- ( OS/2 QNX) BIOS. SSD VDS. , , .
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colocation , ( . co-location, colo) , , ( ), , . , , .
telnet :
( ) :
telnet _ 25 -
helo ____
mail from:[email protected] - ,
rcpt to:[email protected] -
data
subject: - , ,
:
.
quit - telnet
3) exim,postfix,dovecot
Exim ( . EXperimental Internet Mailer [3]) , Unix
Postfix (MTA mail transfer agent). Postfix , Sendmail.
Postfix , IBM. 1999 .
Postfix , . , , root (TCP 25 )
Dovecot IMAP- POP3-, , . 2002 .
Web -Server
1) -?
"-" .
1. , `-` (HTML , CSS , JavaScript ) (- ..). , , mozilla.org. mozilla.org.
2. , - , - , HTTP . HTTP URL (-) HTTP ( -).
, -, HTTP. - (), HTTP () , HTTP.
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HTTP- , , . HTTP-, , -, , HTML .
, , -. , URL- - .
, . , , , . HTTPS, . - -. , .
Microsoft IIS Apache. Apache. 60% . , Apache . . , , .
Microsoft, , IIS . . , .
Apache IIS , Mac OS, Linux, Microsoft Windows . , , .
2) Apache+nginx
Apache
Apache HTTP Server 1995 , 1999 Apache Software Foundation Apache. HTTP Apache.
- Apache - 1996 . Apache .
Apache - , . .
Nginx
2002 Nginx C10K 10 . 2004 , event-driven .
Nginx (light-weight resource utilization) . Nginx , .
Nginx - , - -, .
Nginx+Apache
-, (Nginx), - (Apache2), . , Nginx . (, html-, javascript-..), Apache, , , . Apache , Nginx, . : Nginx Apache , . Apache , .
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. .
3)
, .
, .
Listen
listen.
.
HTTP 80, SSL 443.
80 , :
Server_name
server_name.
nginx - , URL server server_name.
, http://example.com, server_name example.com.
, server server_name. , nginx.
: server_name -. , admin.example.com .
:
server { listen 80; server_name example.com;}
Root
root.
, . /var/www, example mkdir, index.html .
, root, :
server { listen 80; server_name example.com; root /var/www/example;}
, nginx , . nginx
service nginx reload
: service , apt . : /etc/init.d/nginx reload
IP !
4)
Xx
Xx Success
. . , , , , .
, , . , .
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4xx , , ( ) . .
Xx
5xx .
, , . , , ( ) .
200 OK
, , , . , , , .
Moved Permanently
. , ( ) URL.
? , , , . 301 , ( .htaccess, Apache).
403 Forbidden
, , .
? , - . , .
404 Not Found
, ? , , , , , . . , 3, .
500 Internal Server Error
, .
? ( ), , .
502 Bad Gateway
502 , , -, .
? , -/ , , .
503 Server Unavailable
. , .
? , .
504 Gateway Timeout
- .
? -/, .
4) htacess?
.htaccess HTTP- Apache, . htaccess - .
ServerType
ServerType standalone. , (standalone), . .
standalone inetd, inetd.
Port
, , ( inetd, /etc/services). Port 80. HTTP (. ) Web-.
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HostnameLookups
HostnameLookups , IP-. , , HostnameLookups . HostnameLookups off.
User Group
, , . nobody, . (root).
- , . news. . , .
HTML
1) html
HTML . :
b;
strong;
CSS- font-weight.
.
: <b>
b HTML :
<b> ""</b><b> </b>, ( class, id, title ..)
b HTML, strong, .
: <strong>
HTML, b . , strong HTML , , .
, SEO-. , <strong></strong>, .
strong :
<strong> ""</strong>, <b> <strong> ( ), , -, . SEO- strong.