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++, VISUAL C ++.
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# 1- . , stdout .
#include
.
#include <_>
#include "_".
_ , . .
#define
#define . :
- :
#define __
( );
- , , :
#define ( _;
- , . #i fdef #i fndef. :
#define :
#define VERSION I
#define VASIA " "
#define MAX(,) ((x)>(y)? (x): (y))
, . , , y = MAX(suml,. sum2);
= ((suml)>(sum2)? (suml):(sum2));
, . , #deflne sqr(x) (*) sqr(y+l), (+1*+1).
#undef
. :
#if _1
// , _1
#elif _2
// , _1 ,
// _2
...
#else
// ,
#endif
#elif #else .
. .
#if 0
//
#endif
#if #elif . sizeof.
#if #elif defined. , .
. .
#if defined(DEBUGGING)
space = 1000;
#else
space = 10;
#endif
#ifdef #ifndef
#if defined #if!defined .
. sample.h.
#ifndef __SAMPLE_H__
#define __SAMPLE_H__
//
#endif
sample.h , .
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. Visual C++
#pragma once.
#error
#error .
#error __
. .
#if!defined(__cplusplus)
#error ++
#endif
, . , .
#line
#line .
#line _ ["_"]
#pragma
#pragma . Visual C++.
#pragma hdrstop ;
#pragma once ;
#pragma warning .
. -. . .
1.4
- .
1.6
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( main)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "myHeader.h"
#define N 3
|
|
#define M 5
int main()
{
int mas[N][M]={9,3,6,23,21,
4,5,6,4,51,
4,6,24,23,24};
cout<<"Nachalnije dannie\n";
outmatr(mas,N,M);
#define cmp >
# if defined (cmp)
sortmas(mas[1],M);
#else
cout<<"error";
#endif
#define MES "sort \">\" 2-ja stroka"
cout<<endl;
outmas(mas[1],5);
#define cmp <
#define MES "sort \"<\" 3-ja stroka"
# if defined (cmp)
sortmas(mas[2],M);
#else
cout<<"error";
#endif
cout<<endl;
outmas(mas[2],5);
cout<<endl;
int sum;
SUM(mas[0],5,sum);
cout<<"Summa 1-oj stroki = "<<sum<<endl;
cout<<"Rezultat:"<<endl;
outmatr(mas,N,M);
cin.get();
return 0;
}
myHeader.h
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifndef _MY_HEADER_
#define _MY_HEADER_
#define MES "ne sort"
#define cmp ==
#define sortmas(mas,n) { for (int i=0;i<n;i++) \
for (int j=0;j<n-i-1;j++) \
if(mas[j] cmp mas[j+1]) \
{ mas[j]=mas[j]+mas[j+1]; \
mas[j+1]=mas[j]-mas[j+1]; \
mas[j]=mas[j]-mas[j+1];}; \
}
#define outmas(mas,n) { for (int i=0;i<n;i++) cout<<mas[i]<<"\t"; \
cout<<'\t'<<MES<<endl;}
#define outmatr(mas,n,m) { for (int i=0;i<n;cout<<endl,i++)\
for (int j=0;j<m;j++)\
cout<<mas[i][j]<<"\t"; \
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define SUM(mas,n,Sum) { Sum =0; \
for (int j=0;j<n;j++)\
Sum+=mas[j]; \
}
#endif
2 ++
2.2
, , , /, . .
, .
, x_f1ags long ios. . 10.1.
10.1.
skipws | 0x0001 | + | |
left | 0x0002 | ||
right | 0x0004 | + | |
internal | 0x0008 | , . x_fill | |
dec | 0x0010 | + | |
oct | 0x0020 | ||
hex | 0x0040 | ||
showbase | 0x0080 | ( 0 ) | |
showpoint | 0x0100 | ||
uppercase | 0x0200 | ||
showpos | 0x0400 | ||
scientific | 0x0800 | ||
fixed | 0x1000 | ( precision, . ) | |
unitbuf | 0x2000 | ||
stdio | 0x4000 | stdout stderr |
(left, right internal), (dec, oct hex), (scientific fixed) , .
ios flags, setf unsetf:
long ios::f lags(); | ; |
long ios::flags (long); | ; |
long ios::setf (long, long); | , , ; |
long ios::setf(long); | , ; |
long ios::unsetf(long); | , . |
.
, :
cout.setf(ios:: right);
, :
cout.unsetf(ios::right);
cout.setf(ios::left);
, ios:
int x_width | ; |
int x_precision | ; |
int x_fill | . |
width, precision fill:
int ios::width() | ; |
int ios::width (int) | ; |
int ios::precision() | ; |
int ios::precision (int) | , ; |
char fill() | ; |
char fill (char) | , . |
, . setf ios:
adjustfield (left | right | internal)
basefield (dec | oct | hex)
floatfield (scientific | fixed)
:
, .
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int n=2;
//
//
struct Tstudent
{
char FIO[20];
float bal;
}StudetnPotok[n]={"Petrov",3.5,"Sidorov",5.0/3};
int main (int argc, char * const argv[])
{
//
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
//
cout.unsetf(ios::right);//
//(
// )
cout.setf(ios::left);//
cout.fill('.');// -
cout.setf(ios::fixed);//
//
//
// cout.setf(ios::scientific);//
//
// cout.unsetf(ios::fixed);//
// (
//)
cout.precision(3);// (
// )
cout.width(15); // 20 .
//
cout <<StudetnPotok[i].FIO;//
cout.setf(ios::right);//
cout.width(10);//
cout.fill('_');//
cout<<StudetnPotok[i].bal;
cout<<'\n';
}
cin.get();
return 1;
}
// :
Petrov........._____3.500
Sidorov........_____1.667
, . , , . , .
, .
dec | ; |
oct | ; |
hex | ; |
ws | ; |
endl | ; |
ends | ; |
flush | . |
.
:
cout << 13<< hex<< ' '<< 13 << oct<< ' '<< 13 << endl;
, :
13 d 15