. :
= Q/∆T,
, Q , , ∆ .
, , , .
. 1780 . . , .
, . , (, ), . , . :
.
. , - . , , .., , .
, , . , , . , , .
1. .
: .
, - - . 1 -. , , , 1 :
H+aq + OH-aq H2O(), Q.=55.9 /-.
, .
. 50 1.0 N . 60 1.0 N . , . , , , .
|
|
:
1. .
, m1, . | |
, / | |
, V1, | |
, V2, | |
, tº. | |
, tº. | |
, tº1=0.5(tº.+ tº.) | |
tº2 | |
m2=ρ(V1+V2) |
:
1. , , :
q=(m1∙c1+m2∙c2) ∙(t2 t1)
(1) 0,753 /∙., (2) 4,184 /∙., (ρ) 1 /.
2. , 1 - , .
:
Q. = q∙1000/N.∙V., /-.
3. (%) :
% =((Q. Q.)/ Q)∙100%
, .
2. .
: . .
, 1 .
: -, , (Q1), , -, (Q2).
Q.=-Q1 + Q2
: 100 . 2 KCl 0,01. , , . , .
2:
2. .
, m1, . | |
, m2, . | |
, m3, . | |
, t1 | |
,t2 |
, :
Q.=((t2 t1)∙c∙M)/m3
=c1∙m1 +c2∙m2, .
(1) (2) 1.
Q.=-17.577 /
CaCl2. 50 , 2 . 0,01 .
|
|
CaCl2, , CaCl2∙6H2O (Q2=19.08 /).
Q.=Q1 .. Q2 . .
, .
.
1. Na2SO4.
. . , :
Na2SO4 + n 2→ 2Na+ + SO4 2- ()+3.02
Na2SO4∙10 2 +m 2→ Na2SO4 78.6 ,
:
∆.
Na2SO4 + n 2 2Na+ + SO4 2- ()
∆ (.) ∆ (. .)
Na2SO4∙10 2
: ∆ =∆ (.) +∆ (. .).
∆ (.)= ∆ - ∆ (. .) = 3.02 (-78.6) = 81.62 /.
2. :
NH3 + HCl ↔ NH4Cl (.)
. , ∆G. , . ∆G , :
∆Gf (NH3) = -16.7 /, ∆Gf (HCl) = -95.4 /,
∆Gf (NH4Cl) =-203.7 /.
: ∆Gp.f=∑νj∆Gj - ∑νi∆GI
∆Gp.f = ∆Gf (NH4Cl) (∆Gf (NH3) +∆Gf (HCl)
∆Gp.f =-203.7 (-16.7 + (-95.4)) = -91.6 ,
, ∆G :
∆G. = - 2,303∙R∙T∙lg Kc
∆G. = -2.303 ∙8.314∙298∙ lg Kc =-569∙lg Kc
-91.6 = -5.69∙ lg Kc
lg Kc ≈ 16, .. Kc = 1/[ NH3] ∙[HCl] =1016
, .
3. 25 ?
2NO2→ N2O4 + 57.9 /
: :
∆. = - 57.9 /
, , :
S(NO2) =240.2 /∙, S(N2O4) =304.0 /∙,
∆Sp.f=∑νjSj - ∑νiSi
∆Sp = S(N2O4) 2∙ S(NO2) = 304.0 2∙ 240.2 =-176.4 /∙
∆G. :
∆G =∆ - ∆S
∆G= -57900 298∙(-176.4) =-5323.8 =-5.33
∆G< 0, , , 25 .