2
- .
, . , . , , , . . , . () .
, :
Al2(SO4)3 + 6HOH ↔ 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 Al3+: H+ = 1:3 (1)
2Al3+ + 6HOH ↔ 2Al(OH)3 + 6H+
Al2(OH)5Cl + HOH ↔ 2Al(OH)3 + HCl Al3+: H+ = 1:0.5 (2)
[Al2(OH)5]+ + HOH ↔ 2Al(OH)3 + H+
FeCl3 + 3HOH ↔ Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl Fe3+: H+ = 1:3 (3)
Fe3+ + 3HOH ↔ Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
(2) , . , , . , . -, , . , , . 25...30% . , . , .
, , . , , . , . . , . : FeCl3: Al2(SO4)3 = 1:1.
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(II). , , , (II) (III).
: , , , . . . 2874-82 , 30 .
1-3 + ( 3+ ) . , , , NaOH, Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2 CO32- 3-, , . .
+ + - = 2 (4)
+ + 3- = 23 = 2 + 2 (5)
:
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + CaSO4 + CO2 (6)
342 6 - HCO3-
1 0.0052
2Al2(OH)5Cl + Ca(HCO3)2 = 4Al(OH)3 + CaCl2 + CO2 (7)
349 2 - HCO3-
1 0.0057
FeCl3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 = Fe(OH)3 + CaCl2 + CO2 (8)
324.8 6 - HCO3-
1 0.018
, 1 , , + 0.0052, 0.0057, 0.018 - 3- - . , :
: = 0.0052∙+1 (9)
: = 0.0057∙+1 (10)
: = 0.018∙+1 (11)
, /;
, -/;
1 , -/.
. . , - . , . :
H+ + SO42- + 2++2OH- = CaSO4 + 2H2O (12)
(, , ) , Al(OH)3 , Al3+, -. .
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.. Al(OH)3 ≈5.5 ( ≈0.3 /3). , . Al(OH)3, Al2(SO4)3, 5.7 7.8; 5.7 6.6; (12-170) 6.6 7.2; 7.3 7.8. .
, -: 100 2-4 :
, (13)
γ .
Al(OH)3, , , .
, . :
(14)
, 1∙10-14;
.
. , 50 0 0 6.63 7.47. , 2530 0; .
, : (), (), () [Cl]:
(15)
- , , ,
:
- ;
- 50, 100, 250 3;
- 250 3;
- 1, 2, 5, 10 3;
- 50 3;
- 1 3.5 .
:
- -;
- ;
- .
:
- ;
- 25 /3;
- 50%-;
- ;
- , 0.1 /3 Fe3+ (0.8636 NH4Fe(SO4)2∙12H2O 1 3 );
- , 0.05 ;
- : ;
- , 1 /3.