Text 1 The Computer Defined
The word 'computer' comes from a Latin word which means 'to count'. To many people, the word computer suggests "computation" and that word means "math" which scares some people. But this connection is misleading. Computers are not calculators, although you can turn a computer into a calculator. In the simplest definition,a computer is an electronic device - a flexible machine that can manipulate data. Many of these manipulations have nothing to do with math. In addition to being used for such tasks as adding up your supermarket bill or getting $20 bills at an ATM, computers are used by writers, television producers, musicians, poets, graphics illustrators, and scholars of medieval history!
Why are computers so flexible that physicists and poets feel equally at home using them? A computer is programmable; that is, what the computer does depends on the program the computer is using. (A program is a list of instructions telling the computer what to do.) A computer's hardware - the machine and its components - is designed to be as flexible as possible. By using computer programs, called software, you transform this flexible hardware into-a too! for a specific purpose. No matter which program a computer is using, the machine itself -performs only four basic operations. The most widely accepted definition of the computer includes the following operations:
Input. A computer accepts data that is provided by means of an input device such as a keyboard.
Processing, A computer performs operations on the data to transform it in some way.
Output. A computer produces output on a device, such as a printer or monitor that shows the results of processing operations.
Storage. A computer stores the results of processing operations for future use.
This definition is often referred to as the IPOS cycle. The four steps of the IPOS cycle - input, processing, output, storage - don't have to occur in a rigid I-P-O-S sequence. Under the direction of a program, a computer uses the steps of this process when needed and us often as needed.
Look through the text and find the passage where it is told about the flexibility of computers. Read this passage and translate in the written form.
Text 2 The Computer: Its Uses
The use of a personal computer, a computer designed to meet an individual's computing needs, illustrates these four basic computer operations. You use the keyboard lo input data. The computer's internal circuitry processes the data. You see the results (output) on the computer's monitor (the TV-like display), and you can print these results on the printer. You can also store the results on the computer's internal disk or on a removable disk.
The purpose of the computer is to transform data into information. In this context, data means some kind of unorganized material that can be entered into the computera tough sketch that needs work, a first draft of an essay that needs revision or polishing, figures from a company's books/a list of names and addresses. What results from processing operations is information, data that has been made meaningful and useful.
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For example, with the right software, you can use a computer to do your income taxes. You begin by inputting all the data concerning your wages, the amounts withheld from your paycheck, and the amounts of your exemptions and deductions. The computer processes this data and produces output that looks just like the forms used by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). And what's the Information? All the data that you have input has been processed to produce the form for the IRS and the key figurethe amount of your tax refund or the amount you owe. You can then print and store the results.
This capability to process data can be used in a variety of ways. People have come up with some very interesting uses:
Today's dairy farmers are using computers to optimize feeding times, resulting in gains of up to 30 percent in milk output. Dairy farmers produce as much milk today as they did 30 years ago, but with fewer cows, lower costs, and less pollution.
The Federalist Papers are some of America's most important historical documents, but some of the articles weren't signed. Who wrote them? Using computers lo analyze the writing styles of James Madison, Patrick Henry, and other known authors of the Papers, scholars have been able to identify the authors of the unsigned texts.
A psychologist keeps a computer in the counseling room. At the touch of a key, the psychologist can search through references on a computer disk for information relating to topics that come up during counseling sessions.
Look through the text and find the passage where it is told about the purpose of computers. Read this passage and translate in the written form.
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