. 21.
)
)
. 21.
;
L, .= 12,5
l, .=8,5
, .=2,5
h , =13,8.
g, /2.=230
p, /2.=2400
.
.
.
. 22.
1. - (.22)
(1)
2. - (.22)
(2)
γf1 = 1,05, γf2 =1,1 , . 7.1[2];
3.
(3)
4.
(4)
5. [1] . .1 [1] . . .5 [1] Ry, .
6. .
(5)
γ (. 1[1]).
7. (I ).
8. (I ):
(6)
Rs (. 2 [1]).
(6) .
9. (II ):
, (7)
E = 2,06106 /2 (. .10[1]);
[ f ] = (1/n ) l (..1 [2]).
(7) .
. 23.
: ( ) , .
1. - (.23)
(8)
2. - (.23)
|
|
(9)
3.
(10)
4.
(11)
5. [1], . .1[1] . . .5[1] Ry, .
6. , .
. 24.
) .
(12)
γ (. 1[1]);
β , (. 2).
β,
2
, | 9÷10 | |||||
β | 1,02 | 1,03 | 1,04 | 1,045 | 1,05 | 1,06 |
) , h = (L/ 10)
tw = 7+3(h/ 1000) (13)
,
) :
(14)
) ( ):
, (15)
(. .1 [2]).
) .
) tf.
tf £ 3 tw tf £ 40 (16)
)
hw = h 2tf (17)
) 50 .
) :
bf1 ≥ 180;
bf2 ≤ 2 bf + tw (18)
(19)
(20)
10 . :
bf1 ≤ bf (21)
bf3 ≤ bf ≤ bf2 (22)
7. :
(23)
(24)
(25)
8. .
(26)
(27)
Rs (. 2 [1]).
, .8.4.4 [1]. , . 8.4.4. [1], .8.4.1. ( 69) 8.4.2. [1].
9. (II ):
(28)
= 2,06106 /2 (. .10 [1]);
[ f ] = (1 /n) L (..1 [2]).
10. .
(29)
|
|
(30)
, .14.1.16 [1]:
,
(31)
,
(32)
βf, βz , (. 39 [1]);
kf (. 38 [1]);
Rwf (. 4, .1, .2 [1]);
Rwz (. 4, .5 [1]);
γ (. 1 [1]).
, . kf 1,2 t, t .
11. (.25).
b ≥ 250 ( );
(33)
R (. 2 [1]);
.
.
. 25.
, .
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
φ (. .1, .7 [1]).
.
12. .
(39)
. 8.5.9 [1]. .
. 8.5.1 [1] . 8.5.2 [1].
, , . , . .
:
<hw ;
>hw hw, , ; ;
. 26.
(.26)
(40)
(.26)
(41)
78,79 [1];
80 [1].
.
13. .
, , 27.
|
|
. 27.
( ) (.28). .
, :
(42)
:
(43)
.
(44)
,
(45)
,
(46)
. .8 [1] .
.14.3.3 [1] , , (191) [1]. .13.3.7 [1]
. 28.
, .14.3.4 [1] (192) [1]
.
(.28), .
, . 40 [1].
(48)
,
(49)
,
(50)
;
n , ;
, ;
åi , ;
-
1.
(51)
h ;
h ;
h ;
t ;
(0,6÷0,8 ).
2.
(52)
(53)
m, m , [1, . 30].
3. , ( ), , .
N =2 Qmax (54)
4. [1] . .1 [1] . . .5 [1] Ry, .
5. :
5.1. λ = 40 ÷ 80, .1 [1], .7 [1] φ.
5.2.
(55)
5.3. :
5.3.1. , ,
|
|
)
(56)
40-80
)
(57)
, 0,24.
(58)
) tw (1/60÷1/70) hw 6 .
)
(59)
.
(60)
) :
(61)
x-x
(62)
(63)
5.3.2. ( ), . , . , .
) ≥ /2;
5.3.3.
(64)
ix ;
. .1, .7 [1] φ;
5.3.4.
(65)
5.3.5.
(66)
y - y;
λ − ( 25÷40);
.
5.3.6. b 10 :
b = (2 bf + 100) (67)
b = bef + 2 z, (68)
z ;
bf .
b = (bf + 100) (69)
b = bef, (70)
bf .
6. .
-
(71)
(72)
bef ( bef = b 2z bef = b).
-
(73)
6.1.
(74)
.7.2.2-3, .8
(75)
, .8[1] ( . 10) x ( 4 [1]).
6.1.1. :
s =(0,5¸0,75) bef,
t = (0,1 ÷ 0,04) s.
8 12 .
6.1.2.
(76)
l .
50 .
6.1.3.
(77)
7. [1, . .1, .7] φ.
8.
(78)
.
9. .
. 29. -
9.1. :
h = [(b + 2 tf) t ]/ 2;
10 ;
(79)
Rp (. 2 [1]).
.
9.2.
, .14.1.16 [1]:
,
(80)
,
(81)
βf, βz , (. 39 [1]);
kf (. 38 [1]);
Rwf (. 4, .1, .2 [1]);
Rwz (. 4, .5 [1]);
|
|
γ (. 1 [1]).
:
(82)
d ;
Rs (. 2 [1]).
.
10. .
. , . .
, . , .
. 30. (.4 [1])
10.1. 18 [1].
10.2. ,
(83)
10.3. 19, 20 [1], b .4 [1]
(84)
(85)
10.4.
(86)
10.5.
(87)
10.6. , , .14.1.16 [1]:
,
(88)
,
(89)
βf, βz , (. 39 [1]);
kf (. 38 [1]);
Rwf (. 4, .1, .2 [1]);
Rwz (. 4, .5 [1]);
γ (. 1 [1]).
40¸60.
.15.3.5 [1] .
11. .
. 31. -
11.1. , .14.1.16 [1]:
,
(90)
,
(91)
βf, βz , (. 39 [1]);
kf (. 38 [1]);
Rwf (. 4, .1, .2 [1]);
Rwz (. 4, .5 [1]);
γ (. 1 [1]).
10 .
11.2.
(92)
Rb [.5.1.9 52-101-2003];
( 1 2).
11.3.
(93)
11.4.
(94)
h ;
t ( 10¸14);
( 10¸15).
10 .
11.5.
(95)
11.6.
(96)
11.7. :
(97)
, (98)
bf .
b .
11.8 10 .
11.9
(99)
12. .
, 1:
(/) (100)
1 :
(101)
2 3 :
(102)
b , a1/h1 ( 3), a1/h1 <0,5 2
(103)
3 4 :
(104)
α , ( 3).
(h1 bef).
12.1
(105)
R ;
γ [1, . 1].
t >40 ( ) .