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1. The "Big Ben" clock weighs 13.5 tons.
2. Most of London's places of interest are situated to the north of the river Thames.
3. Hyde Park covers 360 acres.
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1. The bus stop is not far from here.
2. Several Moscow University physicists work at this problem.
3. There are only daylight lamps in this room.
III. , , .
1. One of the most famous buildings in England is St. Paul's Cathedral.
2. This rooms is smaller than that one.
3. The longer is the night, the shorter is the day.
IV. , .
1. At some of the London Underground stations there are lifts, others have escalators.
2. Any student of our group can speak on the history of London.
3. No park in London is as popular as Hyde Park.
V. , ; .
1. This student first came to Moscow in 1985.
2. The Port of London is to the east of the City.
3. In a few days she will leave for Leningrad.
VI. 1- 7- . 1,2,3,6 7- .
London
1. London is the capital of Great Britain. It lies in the South East of England on both banks of the river Thames. London is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest port and industrial town in England. London is more than twenty centuries old.
2. The heart of the capital is the City. The territory of the City is only about one square mile, but it is the financial and business centre of the country. It contains almost all important English banks and offices.
3. The West End of London is famous for its beautiful monuments and palaces, fine parks, fashionable shops and big hotels. The East End is quite different from the West End. It is the district of factories, plants and docks. The narrow streets and poor houses of the East End present a contrast to the homes of the rich people in the West End.
4. There are many places of interest in London. One of them is Trafalgar Square with the Nelson monument 185 feet high. Buckingham Palace is the royal residence. Westminster Abbey is one of the most beautiful buildings in London. It contains the memorials of many famous citizens of Britain.
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5. Across the road from Westminster Abbey are the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British government.
6. The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places in London. It was a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum.
7. London is famous for its green parks. Hyde Park is the most popular of them. It is the greatest park in London as well.
8. London is the centre of the country's cultural life. There are many picture galleries and museums there. The National Gallery houses a priceless collection of paintings. The famous British Museum is one of the best museums in the world. In the library of the British Museum Karl Marx worked at his "Capital", V.I. Lenin worked there too. There he gathered the material for his work on "Materialism and Empiriocriticism".
VII. 8- . ?
Who worked in the library of the British Museum?
1. Prominent scientists worked there.
2. A number of writers gathered materials for their works there.
3. Karl Marx and V.I. Lenin worked in the library of that museum.
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) 1. Soviet chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.
2. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.
) 1. Becquerel's discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.
2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.
II. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
1. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing.
2. The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons, positive protons and ordinary neutrons.
3. This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.
4. When passing through an electroscope, X-rays cause its discharge,
III. ; . .
1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.
2. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.
3. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.
4. Plastics should be reinforced by different kinds of fibres (to reinforce , ).
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1. Herman Helmholtz
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HERMAN HELMHOLTZ1 (1821-1894)
1. Herman Helmholtz is celebrated2 for his contributions to physiology and theoretical physics. A delicate child, Helmholtz early displayed a passion for understanding things, but otherwise developed slowly, and had no marked early talent for mathematics. Although he wished to study physics, he was persuaded by his father to take up the study of medicine, entering the Medical Institute at Berlin in 1838.
2. His researches into physiological optics began about 1850 with the discovery of the ophthalmoscope3 (1851), followed by investigations into colour, including the problem of colour-blindness.4 He also made fundamental contribution to the understanding of the structure and mechanism of the human eye.
3. Helmholtz's first, and most celebrated paper in theoretical physics was his article on the conservation of force. In this paper he proved the conservation of total energy of a system of particles which were interacting through5 central forces depending only or the masses and separations of the particles. Other important work in theoretical physics included the famous paper on vortex motion6 (1858), and the application of the principle of least action to electrodynamical problems.
4. Helmholtz was undoubtedly the most versatile7 of nineteenth-century scientists. From 1871 onwards he was perhaps more famous as a theoretical physicist than as a physiologist. But it seems probable that apart from his work on the conservation of energy he will ultimately8 be remembered more for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics in which his talents as physiologist, physicist, mathematician and experimentalist of genius were most vividly displayed.
V. 4- . , :
For what researches will Helmholtz be remembered?
1.... for his celebrated paper in theoretical physics.
2.... for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics.
3.... for his paper on vortex motion.
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1. Tallinn exports a great variety of goods.
2. Last month my friend read a very interesting book on Tallinn's history.
3. The inhabitants of Tallinn are fond of their city.
II. , , .
1. The students of our group will go to the State History Museum tomorrow.
2. This is the building of the Tallinn City Soviet.
3. Teams of figure skaters and ice-hockey players undergo intensive training at the Sports Centre of Tallinn.
III. , , .
1. Kadriorg is one of the most favourite parks of the Tallinners.
2. The more I thought of that plan, the less I liked it.
3. Your translation is better than mine.
IV. , .
1. Some 350 people attend a yachting school in Tallinn.
2. Does he know any foreign language?
3. Any exhibit of this museum is valuable.
V. , ; .
1. One of Tallinn's farmacies functions for more than 550 years.
2.The construction of the Tallinn Town Hall began in the first decades of the 14th century.
3. In two years my brother will become an engineer.
VI. 1- 3- . 1- 2- .
TALLINN
1. Tallinn is the capital of Estonia. It is an industrial town. Half of all the industrial products of the Republic comes from Tallinn's enterprises. They produce a great variety of articles such as electric motors, electrotechnical equipment, furniture, skis, toys, fabrics, perfumes, drugs, sweets, tinned foods, etc. The industrial output of Tallinn's enterprises increases steadily. This increase is the result of high labour productivity due to mechanisation, automation and the application of modern technology.
2. Tallinn is an old city. It retains many features of its architecture and landscape and its cosy atmosphere. The streets of the Old Town are very narrow, the buildings are ancient, many of them date back to the 15th century. Nowadays they have all modern conveniences and house museums, theatres, shops and restaurants. The Old Town is the seat of the Republic's government, several Ministries and the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences. The area of the Old Town makes up less than one per cent of Tallinn's territory.
3. Thousands of Tallinn's residents live in new districts. Each of them has attractions of its own: one district borders on thick pine groves, another faces a lake, a third offers a magnificent view on the Gulf of Finland. The district of Mustamae is one of the youngest in the city. Almost a quarter of Tallinn's population resides in the district. At Mustamae there are two institutes: the Tallinn Polytechnical Institute and the Chemistry Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian S.S.R. There are also numerous schoolhouses, kindergartens and service centres there.
4. Tallinn has Europe's Gold Medal for preservation of architectural relics. Perhaps no other city of Northern Europe preserves the beauty of its past so lovingly. With its charming mixture of the old and the new Tallinn creates an unforgettable impression.
VII. 4- . , :
Why does Tallinn create an unforgettable impression?
1.... because the tempo of its construction is great.
2.... because it is a major industrial centre.
3.... because it charmingly combines the old and the new.
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) 1. Today scientists are still looking for the substance as a source of energy.
2. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.
) 1. Synthetic rubber products were developed between 1914 and the 1930s.
2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.
II. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
1. Molecular crystals are solids constructed of molecules held together by relatively weak forces.
2. A body moving with a certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.
3. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive.
4. Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology.
III. ; . .
1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.
2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.
3. These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.
4. The chemists may use the reactor to analyse various substances for their exact composition.
IV. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
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3. some sixty in all
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D.I. MENDELEYEV (1834-1907)
1. A Russian name appeared in 1964 on the honorary board1 of science at Bridgeport University, USA: Mendeleyev was added to the list of the greatest geniuses Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus, Galilei, Newton and Lavoisier. D.I. Mendeleyev, the explorer of nature, is the greatest chemist of the world. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements and it has retained its key capacity until now.
2. D.I. Mendeleyev was the fourteenth, and last child of the Director of the Gymnasium at Tobolsk. At 16 he was taken by his mother to St. Petersburg to seek higher education. He entered the Pedagogical Institute where his father has also studied. In 1856 he look a degree in chemistry and in 1859 he was sent abroad for two years for further training. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 as Professor of Chemistry.
3. In 1868 Mendeleyev began to write a great textbook of chemistry, known in its English translation as the "Principles of Chemistry". In compiling this2 he tried to Find some system of classifying the elements some sixty in all3 then known whose properties he was describing. This led him to formulate the Periodic Law, which earned him lasting international fame. He presented it verbally4 to the Russian Chemical Society in October 1868 and published it in February 1869.
4. In this paper he set out clearly his discovery that if the elements are arranged in order of their atomic weights, chemically related elements appear at regular intervals. The greatness of Mendeleyev's achievement lies in the fact that he had discovered a generalization that not only unified an enormous amount of existing information but pointed the way to further progress.
V. 4- , , :
What can you say about the greatness of Mendeleyev's discovery?
1. The greatness of Mendeleyev's achievement lies in the fact that his Periodic Table pointed the way to further progress in chemistry.
2. Mendeleyev had discovered several new elements.
3. Mendeleyev created the system of classifying chemical elements.
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