. .
I. ns2np5
, 볻
¯ ¯ ¯
¯
¾ 1.
¾ Cl, Br, I, At nd , , +1, +3, +5, +7.
͟ ͟ ͟ ͟ ͟
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-1.
F = => -1.
CL Br I At => => .
F , Cl. F => , , .
¾ , .
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 At2
`; , , . F2 I2.
¾ dz .
¾ F, Cl
Br, I, At .
I. .
He, Ne, Ar, O2 N2. -1.
II. .
ҳ
Ca F2
Co3(PO4)2 * CaF2 Co5F(PO4)3)
Na3[AlF6]
HF
2,7 * 10-2 %
0,02% (2 * 10-2%)
2*10-5%
1*10-4%
. . , .
III. ³
- , ()
- , ()
1780 . . , .
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, . , . , , . -, . , .
. , . , . , .
26.06.1886 HF ( KF)
. ` . . 5-6 t.
IV.
F 2F3(KF.2HF) t=80-1200C KHF2(KF.HF) 240-3000. , F2.
, , 糿.
V. Գ .
.. - .
t . = -219,70, t. = -1880.
F2 HF, .
VI. ճ .
- , , . -1
- . He,Ne,Ar,O2 N2.
- C, Si, P, S, 20-3000.
- :
S +3F2 = S+6 F6 -1 2P+5F2 = 2P+5 F5 -1
ֳ (-1900)
- ( ) :
SiO2 -2 +2F2 0 = SiF4 -1 + O20 2H2O-2 +F2 0 = 4HF -1 + O2 0
SiO2 H2O-2
- : v, , Rn ()
Kv+F2=KvF2;
Xe+F2=XeF2;
Xe+2F2=XeF4
:
- F2;
- .
VII.
1.
H2+F2=2HF - , , , 4500 0. HF .
: CaF2 + H2SO t→ CaSO4+2HF↑
: KHF2 t→ KF + HF↑
(t =19.520C, t= -83.36 0C)
t > 19.5 , . . HF , .
-HF (=0,64*10 -29), . => ;
- :
. |
. |
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H |
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F
- ճ HF H2O. HF 䳺 , . , HF MeO , , :
MeO+ 2HF = MeF2+ H2O
.
- .
- HF ( ) . -F , F , . F-, , F :
HF + H2O = H3O+ + F-
F- + HF = HF2 -
HF2 - + HF = 2F3 -
, (KHF2; KH2F3; KH3F4; KH4F5):
5HF + KOH = KH4F5+H2O
4HF + KOH = KH3F4+H2O
3HF + KOH = KH2F3+H2O
2HF + KOH = KHF2+H2O
:
KH2F3 + 2KOH = 3KF +2H2O
KHF2 + KOH = 2KF + H2O
. HF2 -, H2F3 - .
` |
L1 HF = L11 HF = 113
= 113 /
,
[B1] `.
H2F3 - -
ϳ :
KHnFn + 1 = KHn-1Fn + HF ↑
- :
SiO2() + 4F () = SiF4 + 2H2O()
SiF4 + 2F = H2[SiF6 ]
, , .
䳺 . 䳺 , , , 䳺 :
AL(OH)3 + 3HF = ALF3 + 3H2O
CL F + F2 = CLF3
,
` , .
, , `.
- , ( S )
`.
NaF MgF2 AlF3 SiF4 PF5 SF4
2NaF + SiF4 = Na2 [ SiF6]
2KF + BeF2 = K2 [ BeF4]
BeF2 + SiF4 = [ SiF6]
, :
NaF + 2 = Na + F
F- + 2 = - + F .
, :
SiF4 + 2 = 2 Si3 + 4F
F2 2 . F2.
2NaOH-2 + 2F2 0 = O+2F-1 2 + 2NaF-1 + H2O
O-2 - 4e → O+2 1
F0 2 + 2e → 2F-1 2
F2 - - (t = - 1450C, t = -2240). . , .
|
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O+2F2 + H2O-2 = HF + O0 2 ↑
O+2 + 2e → O0 2
O-2 - 2e → O0 2
O+2F2 + 2NaOH-2 = 2NaF + H2O + O0 2 ↑
O+2 + 2e → O0
O-2 - 2e → O0
.
O+2F2 - ( +2).
20 2 + +2F2 = 2+1F + H2 +1O-2
0 2 -2e → +1 2
O+2 + 4e → O-2 1
4)
a) CCL3F, CCL 2F2, CHCLF2, CHCL2F ().
ճ , . , , 3.
) n CF2 = CF2 → (- CF2 - CF2 -) n
( )
: , , . H2SO4, NOH.
- N 2000;
F2 t>1500.
VIII.
F2 .
HF - , , , , ;
Na3 [ ALF6] - AL.
F2- (CF)4 -
OF2- .
I. 1S2 2S2 2p6 3S2 3p53d
- F.
- d => - , .
-1 +7.
II.
4,5 * % () .
NaCl .
KCl .
NaCl * NaCl .
KaCl * MgCl2 * 6H2O
( 1,5% NaCl).
III. ³
.
NaCl 3 4 . . .
1774 . .. 䳺 MnO2 () HCl .
.
1807 . - NaCl . 3 , , chlovie gas chlovine (. ). 3 - . 1811. , .
IV.
1) NaCL
2NaCL+2H2O . 2NaOH + H2 + CL2
H2SO4(k) , , .
2) HCL .
4HCL-1 + Mn+4O2 = CL0 2 + Mn+2Cl2 + 2H2O
2CL-1 -2e → CL0 2 1
Mn+4 +2e → Mn+2 1
16HCL-1 + 2 KMn+7O4 = 5CL0 2 + 2 Mn+2Cl2 + 2KCL + 8H2O
2CL-1 -2e → CL0 2 5
Mn+7 +5e → Mn+2 2
14HCL-1 + K2Cr+6 2O7 = 3CL0 2 + 2 Cr+3 Cl3 + 2KCL + 7H2O
2CL-1 -2e → CL0 2 3
Cr+6 2 +6e → 2Cr+3 1
V. Գ
- , . , .
t.=-101,0 0, t.=-34,10. (2 ᒺ 1 ᒺ ).
.
CL2 F2 ( )
CL |
|
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¯
¯ ¯ ¯
CL |
VI. ճ :
. 䳺 ( C,N2,O2 ), , :
( ) |
Sn0 + 2CL2 0 = Sn+4CL4 -1
H2O-1 + CL2 0 = 2HCL-1 + O2 0
O2 -1 -2e → O2 0 1
CL2 0 + 2e → CL-1 1
³ 䳿 :
3F2 0+CL2 0 = 2CL+3F3 -1 ()
CLF CLF5.
:
CL2 + H2O = HCL-1 + HCL+1
CL20 + 2 → 2L-1 1
CL20 - 2 → 2L+1 1
70% -CL2 HCL: HCLO
, 䳿 :
CL2 0 + 2NaOH = NaCL-1 + NaCLO+1 + H2O
+7 +6 +5 +4 +3 +1 -1 |
CL2O6
HCLO3, KCLO3, CLF5
CLO2
HCLO2, NaCLO2, CLF3
HCLO2, NaCLO, CL2O, CLF
CL
HCL, KCL, CCL4
VII.
1) .
)
:
1) H2+CL2 = 2HCL
2) NaCL+H2SO4(k)= NaHSO4+HCL ↑
NaCL+H2SO4(K)=t NaHSO4+HCL ↑
3)
) Գ
HCL
t.=-114, t.=-85
. HF, .
, (450 ᒺ 1 ᒺ H2O ) (45,14% 00).
HCL = H+ + CL- K ≈ 107
37% HCL (g=1, 19 /3)
ճ . , .
KMnO4, MnO2, K2Cr2O7, H2SO4
2)
I-IV , . V-VIII / CL2 .
: , .
NaCL MgCL2 ALCL3 SiCL4 PCL5
, . :
ALCL3 + H2O = ALOHCL2 + HCL .
:
PCL5 + 4 H2O = H3PO4 + 5 HCL;
SiCL5 + 4 H2O = H4SiO4 + 4 HCL.
PCL5 .
2KCL + TiCL4 = K2 [TiCL4 ]
BeCL2 + SnCL4 = Be [SnCL6]
.
2KCL + BeCL2 = K2[ BeCL4]
.
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CL+4O
CL2+6O6
3. (1) (HCLO CL2O) KCLO
HCLO
1130 CL
O H2O+2CL2+CaCO3 = CaCL2 + CO2 +2HCL
|
|
( ):
HCLO = H+ +OCL- k=3,2*10-8
:
1) 䳺 ( ), , :
2HCL+1O-2 = 2HCL-1 + O2
2) ( CaCL2)
2HCLO = H 2 O + CL 2O HCLO
3) ():
3HCL+1O = 2HCL-1 + HCL+5O3
CL+1 - 4 CL+5 1
CL+1 + 2 CL-1 2
O
1100 |
- :
4CL2+1O = 2 CL+4O2 + 3CL20
2CL+1 6e = 2CL+4 1
2CL+1 + 2 = CL20 3
- ϳ :
2CL+12O-2 = 2CL02 + O02
- (1` 2 200 ` CL2O) -
CL2O + H2O = 2HCLO
ó - CL2
KCLO 䳺 CO2
KCL, KCLO NaCL, NaCLO KCL NaCL
Ca (OCL)CL
2Ca(OCL)CL + CO2 + H2O = CaCO3 + CaCL2 + 2HCLO
. .
:
1) :
3KCL+1O = 2KCL-1 +KCL+5O3
2) :
2KCLO =2KCL +O2
() HCLO2 KCLO2, NaCLO2
NaCLO2 , , .
:
HCLO2 = H+ + CLO2 - K = 10-2
,
CL+4O2 +Na2O-1 2 = 2NaCLO+3 2 +O0 2
CLO2 + H2O2 + NaOH = 2NaCLO2 +O2+2H2O
ϳ ()
1) 3NaCL+3O2 t 2NaCL+5 O3 + NaCL-1
2) :
NaCLO2 t, kat NaCL + O2
HCLO2 , CLO2- CLO-
(V) CLO2
CLO2 - . (1 2 - CLO2)
- :
2KCL+5O3 + H2C+3 2 O4 t 2CL +4O2 +K2 +4 CO3 + C+4 O2 + H2O
CL+5 + 1e => CL+4 2
2C+3 - 2e => 2C+4 1
- :
2CL+4 O2 + H2O2 = HCL +3O2 + HCL+5O3
CLO2
-
2CLO2 + 2NaOH = NaCLO2 + NaCLO3 + H2O
CLO2- - , .
(V) HCLO3, KCLO3
HCLO3 ( 40%). , .
- Ba(CLO3) +H2SO4 = 2HCLO3 + BaSO4..
- HCLO3 = H+ +CL3 - K=1
- CL2
3CL0 2 + 6KOH =5 KCL-1 + KCL+5 O3 + 3H2O
KCLO3 - ,
KCLO3
HCLO3 . HCLO3 HNO3. HCLO3, HCL - .
HCLO3: HCLO HCLO2 .
:
1) ()
4 CL +5O3 = CL-1 + 3CL +7O4
2) (MnO2) :
2CLO3 t, kat 2CL + 32
` 2 S,P , , .
3S0 + 2KCL+5O3 = 3S+4O2 +2KCL-1
S0 - 4e - S+4 | 3
CL+5 +6 - CL-1 | 2
(VI) CLO3, (CL2O6)
- CL+4O2 + O03 = CL+6 O3 + O0 2
CLO3 .
2CLO3 => CL2O6
CL2O6 - (t. = 3,50). .
-
CL2O6 = 2CLO2 +2
-
CL+6 2O6 +2 = CL+5 O3 + CL+7 O4
-
CL 2O6 + 2 = CLO3 + CLO4 + 2 O
(VI) CL2O7, CLO4, CLO4
CLO4 - . .
100% - :
4CLO4 = 4CLO2 + 32 + 22
- CLO4 + H2SO4 = CLO4 + K H2SO4
( )
CLO4 => + + 32 + CLO4 - ~ 109
CL 2O7 볿 ( =830)
- 2CLO4 + 25 = CL2O7 + 23
- - 1200 : 2CL2O7 = 4 CLO2 + 32
CL2O7
- CL2O7 + 2 = CLO4
CLO4 CLO, CLO2 CLO3 .
-t 6100C KCLO4 t KCL + 2O2
[B1]