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______ __________2016.
1 :
1.
- About myself
- Our country the Russian Federation
- The Republic I live in
- The Town I live in
2.
- to be, to have, there is / are, , .
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What is engineering? Engineers do so many things that this question could have a very long answer. Basically, engineers use science to solve problems creatively. They apply science that is why engineering is often referred to as applied science. The principal work of an engineer is design; he has to design products, machines and production systems. When you make toast in the morning, phone your friend or fly in a plane, you experience the work of an engineer. Moon landings, cellular phones and satellites orbiting through space are possible because of engineers. Engineers are involved with the design, construction and operation of everything from razor blades and microchips to skyscrapers and bridges.
The result of rapid expansion of scientific knowledge was an increase in number of engineering specialties. By the middle of the last century they included civil, military, mechanical, mining and metallurgical engineering; then agricultural, chemical and electrical were added. This growth continued and nowadays we have aerospace, nuclear, computer, electronic, medical and industrial engineering as well. Today the specialists in engineering are so diversified that it is impossible to classify them satisfactory. There are almost 200 different types of engineering nowadays!
Technological and industrial process depends on a scientist, an engineer and a technologist; each makes major contribution to progress and plays an important role in the modern world. An engineer depends upon the scientist for new knowledge and upon the technologist for specialized assistance in translating plans into operating reality. He must have a basic knowledge of the sciences and understanding of the abstract techniques of the research engineer and he should know much of the technology employed by technologists. Perhaps the most important function of an engineer is to integrate the abstract-theoretical world and the technical-practical world. Every engineer is a member of a team often headed by a system engineer who must be able to combine the advantages of different branches.
Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. But it is impossible to cover all the subjects which an engineer may find useful in a lifetime. The education and training of an engineer must be a partnership between industry and higher education, between theory and practice. Another result of the increase in scientific knowledge is that engineering has become a profession that requires specialized advanced education. Today it must include at least 4 or 5 years of university studying leading to a Bachelor of Science degree: although technology is advancing rapidly, the underlying scientific theories and principles it is based on are constant. More often engineers, especially those engaged in research, get an advanced Masters or Doctors degree. Engineers require specialized knowledge and intensive preparation with continued study after graduating from the university. Engineering education must become a lifetime study: to compete successfully every engineer must keep up with changes in his profession.
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The profession has a strong organizational structure, requires high standards, and operates in the public service. Professional engineers must follow a code of professional conduct and ethics and a series of legal requirements. They have to be technically competent and operate with responsibility in conformity with accepted notions of professionalism. For an engineer the result of his labour be it a bridge, air-conditioning unit, automobile or computer is interposed between himself and the user. However, since people's lives are often at stake if an error is made, a high level of competence is essential.
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I. .
II. .
1. What do you know about the profession of engineer?
2. Why have you chosen this profession?
3. How many engineering specialties do you know?
4. What education does engineering require?
5. Why do engineers need a high level of competence?
III. .
| 1. The most important function of an engineer is | A. a code of professional conduct and ethics and a series of legal requirements. |
| 2. Professional engineers must follow | B. was an increase in number of engineering specialties. |
| 3. Engineers use science | C. to solve problems creatively. |
| 4. The result of rapid expansion of scientific knowledge | D. to integrate the abstract-theoretical world and the technical-practical world. |
| 5. Engineering is often defined | E. as making practical application of theoretical sciences. |
3.
I.
to be to have.
1. There... telegram on the table.
2. The book many diagrams.
3.
There... much snow last winter.
4. There... lot of stars
and planets in space.
5. Students four exams last January.
6. ... born in 1985.
7. We... students next year.
8. They two lectures tomorrow.
9. Who... absent today?
10. Ann doesnt time to go to the cinema.
II.
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1. big, cold, nice, bad,
strong, good 2. popular, famous, pleasant, beautiful
III. -
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1.They dont go to work on Sunday.
2. must work hard
today.
3. Ann has already
begun to read new book.
4. We learned German at
school.
IV. : .
1. Electronic devices (help; are helped) people discover new phenomena of nature.
2. The transistor (replaced; was replaced) by vacuum tubes thanks to its numerous advantages.
3. Due to transistors all circuit functions (carried out; were carried out) inside semiconductors.
4. Electronic devices (use; are used) in scientific research.
5. Before the invention of the transistor its function (performed; was performed) by vacuum tubes.
6. The reliability of electronic systems (connect; is connected) with the number of discrete components.
7. Semiconductor integrated circuits (helped; were helped) to increase reliability of devices.
8. New types of integrated circuits (have developed; have been developed) lately.
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8. .
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1. .. . . . /: , 2002. 320 .
2. .. : . 7- ., . . .: , 2011. 576 .
3. .. . - . , 2005
