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: 16481789 .

. / . . . . . . .: , 2006. 544 .

 

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, , , , . , , , ; ( , , ) .. (11.)

 

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: 16481789 .

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, 13311648 ., . , , , . , XVXVI . ; , , [1]. , , , , . , , , , . , I, V , , , , , . (. estates, . états): , . , ( ) , - . (states) XVII .[2]

, , chansons de geste [3], , . , , . , , , , , [4]. , , , , , , . , .

Politicorum sive civilis doctrinae libri sex [5], 1589 . , , , . , , - , , , , , - . , , ( ) . , , . XIV , (état), , 1660 . , [6].

, . , , , , , , . , XVII . , (, ), , [7]. , , , 1648 1789 . , .

, , . -, , , . -, , , , . -, , . -, , .

, , , , , . , , , , - ; , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , , .

, , . (11791223), , , , , XV . XI . 1610 . IV , . , . , . , , .

, . , , ; [8]. , , , , , . , () , , . . ; , , , , , , .

, , . , , , . , , , . , , , [9]. , 1688 ., , (ancien regime). , , , , .

, . , , , , . , , , , , , , . , . . , , : , , , . .

...

, . , , , , 5080 , , , ( ), . , , 18 20 , 12 000 1505 ., 25 000 1610 . 50 000 XIV[10]. , , 15601630 ., , 16301648 . , 1642 . , , (pays d'élection), . , , , . , , ( Generalkommissaren [11]) [12].

...

1765 . , philosophe, . , , ; , , , . . , . , , laissez faire [13] , [14].

, , . , Staatsdiener [15] königliche bediente [16], . , . 1756 ., , II . , , , , , , .

 

, , . , , , . , , , , , . , -, , , , , , , , , . , , , , . . , , ( ), , , , , .

...

 

, , . XIII . , , . , ( . scutagium). [17]; XV . , , . , , , . , , , , . , , [18].

 

...

 

, , , . , V, I , . , ; , , , , , . . , , , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , [19].

, . , , . , , , , , , ( , , ) . , , , , , , , , . , , . , 30 .

. , , , , militia perpetua [20]. . , , - , 1874 . . , , , , . . . , 1648 . , , .

, , , . I , [21]. 100 , XVIII . , , , [22]. . XVII . , , , . , , 12 , 1609 1621 ., . 1714 . . - - , , .

 

....

 

, ( , ) . , [23], ( ), , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , : Arbeit macht frei [24]. , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , - .


[1] F. Guicciardini, Ricordi (Milan: Rizzoli, 1951 edn.), series 2, 64.

[2] .: N. Rubinstein, Notes on the Word Stato in Florence Before Machiavelli, in R. G. Rose and W. K. Ferguson, eds. Florilegium Historiale: Essays Presented to Wallace K. Ferguson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971), p. 313326.

[3] (.) . . .

[4] . . . 25.

[5] (.) . .

[6] Memoires de Louis XIV, J. de Lognon, ed. (Paris: Tallandier, 1927), p. 280281.

[7] G. Oestreich, Neostoicism and the Origins of the Modern State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).

[8] : P. G. Thiler, Die Verwaltung des Ordenstaates Preussen, vornehmlich in 15. Jahrhundert (Cologne: Boehlau, 1965), s. 31 120.

[9] , , . : G. Duby, Guillaume le Mariéchal (Paris: Fayard, 1984).

[10] .: R. Mousnier, Le conseil du roi de Louis XII a la révolution (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1971), ch. 1.

[11] (.) . .

[12] .: . Hintze, The Commissary and His Significance in General Administrative History in The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze, F. Gilbert, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 267302.

[13] () . .

[14] Baron Grimm and Diderot, correspondence litteraire, philosophique et critique, 17531769 (Paris: Caillot, 1813), vol. IV, p. 186.

[15] (.) . .

[16] (.) . .

[17] . : . Prestwich, War, Politics and Finance Under Edward I (Totowa, NJ: Rowmanand Littlefield, 1972).

[18] , , .: F. Redlich, The German Military Entrepreneur and His Work Force (Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1964).

[19] , , : G. Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road (London: Cambridge University Press, 1972), ch. 8.

[20] (.). . . .

[21] K. R. Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis ofthe British Empire, 14801630 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 1415.

[22] L. E. Traide, ed., Horace Walpole's Miscellany (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), p. 77; C. de Montesquieu, Persian Letters (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1973), p. 177.

[23] . . . .: ACT; .: Terra Fantastica, 2002. . 1. . 1. . 1 2; . . .: , 2005. . 2.

[24] (.) . . .



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