, . ( , .)
,
() 0
+ 100
+ 100 .
¨ , , , , , .
ب , .
, , .
, , (, , , ).
.., , , , . , , , .
,
(, , , )
1=1000, 1=100, 1=1000
(3=, 3=, 3)
1=1000, 1 3=1000
, :
m = V x p
p (/3)
. (, 3). V m, .
(, , ) .
1 (= 6 10 23- , ) (..) (T = 0 , P = 760 ) V = 22,4
:
.. , 0,02 0,36 (360 3) . ( = 1 /3)
:
1. ( ) , .
m C = 0,02 = 20
m 2 = v. p = 360 c3. 1 /3 360
2. : + 22 ()2 + 2
3. , :
+ 22 == ()2 + 2
1 2 1 1
40 / (1. 2 + 16) 40 + (16+1). 2 1. 2
18 / 74 / 2 /
40 36 74 2
( ).
4. , .
|
|
+ 22 == ()2 + 2
4036742
20 360
5. : 40/20 = 2/
= 1
36/360 = 2/
= 20
, , .
6. m () V () .
1 2 2 (..),
2 1
2/1 = 22,4 /
= 11,2
: V = 11,2
, . .
(NaCl).
1) (NaCl) :
+ _ + _
Na Cl Na Cl
_ + _ +
Cl Na Cl Na
+ _ + _
Na Cl Na Cl
2) (2) , :
+ _ + _
H---O H---O
| + |+
H H
3) , , .
+ _ + _
Na Cl Na Cl
_ + _ + _ + _ +
O---H Cl Na Cl Na O---H
| + + _ + _ | +
H Na Cl Na Cl H
, NaCl Na+ Cl-
+ _ + _ + _ + _
H---O Na O---H Cl H---O
| + | + | +
H H H
Na+ Cl- ( , , ), .
NaCl 2.
(122211) , , .
NaCl .
122211 .
() .
() .
, .
, .
.
:
H2O + _
NaCl === Na + Cl
.
H2O + 2-
H2SO4=== 2H + SO4
.
HCl + NaOH === NaCl + H2O
+ _ + _ + _
H+Cl+Na+OH=== Na+Cl+ H2O
+ _
H + OH=== H2O
, , , .
.
, .
|
|
, .
() (n) (N): = n: N.
1. 0.
= 0.
, .
.
II (CuCl2)
H2O 2+ _
CuCl2 === Cu + 2Cl
II : (+) (-) ( ), Cu 2+ () , Cl- () .
(-)
-------------------------
+ | 2+ | -
_ 0 | Cu----------- | 2+ 0
2Cl + 2(e-) == Cl2 | _ | Cu + 2(e-) == Cu
|------- 2Cl |
| |
, .
- , .
, .
(Cu), (Cl2).
, , .
( ) , 100 .
1) 200 10% .
100 10 (10%- )
200 .
100/200 = 10/
=20
200 10% 20 .
2) , 150 50 .
m = 150 + 50 = 200
200 100%
50 %
200/50 = 100/
= 25%
, 150 50 25%.
m ( ),
5,6 (..) 0,8 15% ( ) 1,1 /3.
1) ( ) , .
m CO2 ( )
1 2 = 44 22,4 (..)
---------------------5,6
:
44/ = 22,4/5,6
= 11
m C2 = 11
m ()2 = V. p = 800 3. 1,1 /3 = 880
880 - 100%
15%
880/ = 100/15 =132
2) :
()2 + 2===3 + 2
3) ,
()2 + 2 ===3 + 2
1 1 1 1
74 44 100 18
4) , :
()2 + 2 === 3 + 2
74 44 100 18
132 11
5) . ( , 2 , ()2.)
44/11 = 100/
= 25
: m 3 = 25