2a
: Windows Linux .
(ping, ifconfig, route, traceroute, netstat)
.
IP . dotted decimal notation ( ). (0-255), . ' IP-. , .
IP- IP-, , . , . , , , . , , . IP-:
----------------------- --------------- 192.168.110.23 255.255.255.0 192.168.110. .23 ----------------------- --------------- 192.168.110.0 192.168.110.255 ----------------------- ---------------. , .
, , . , . . , . IP-. 192.168.110.255. . , , , .
IP, . '.
---------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | | 255.0.0.0 | 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 | | B | 255.255.0.0 | 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255 | | C | 255.255.255.0 | 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 | |Multicast | 240.0.0.0 | 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 | ----------------------------------------------------------ϳ '
Linux , :
IP-
IP-
|
|
IP-
IP-
IP- (DNS-server)
ϳ .
, .
, , - . , , IP- . ֳ RFC1597 .
----------------------------------------------------------- | , Ͳ вͲ | ----------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | | ----------------------------------------------------------- | | 255.0.0.0 | 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 | | B | 255.255.0.0 | 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 | | | 255.255.255.0 | 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 | -----------------------------------------------------------
, , , .
.
Unix / dev Linux . Linux , / dev
, , . , ethernet- eth[0..n] . ' eth0, eth1 ..
, slip ppp, . , . , slip- ppp- , ethernet-.