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1

 

I. 1. She takes shorthand and types letters. .

Takes, types 3- to take, to type Present Indefinite

2. These job advertisements were in the newspaper advertising jobs. .

Advertisements, jobs an advertisement, a job

3. Today Lloyd's is the name of a famous Britain market in London. .

Lloyds

4. He's a policemen. .

s to be 3- (is)

5. She's got a computer. .

s to have 3- (has)

6. Her job's very exciting. .

s to be 3- (is)

 

 

II. 1. I work for the biggest company in the area. .

2. We make the best office equipment in Britain. .

3. Your typewriter is more difficult to use than mine. , .

4. Japan exports fewer goods than the USA. , .

 

 

III.1. Why don't you ask the bank to lend you some money? ?

2. You are allowed to bring in some goods duty free. But you must declare everything above the allowance. - . .

3. There's nothing here that isn't duty free. .

4. Don't try to import any prohibited goods. - .

 

 

IV.1. This person sells goods abroad. .

Sells Present Indefinite to sell

2. This company arranges transportation and documentation. .

Arranges - Present Indefinite to arrange

3. I will insure your shipment at 2 %. 2 %.

Will insure Future Indefinite o to insure

4. Did you type it yesterday? ?

Did type Past Indefinite to type

5. There is machinery for fast loading of containers at many ports now. .

Is Present Indefinite to be

6. When GML imported motor bikes, they arranged all the costs of transportation and the insurance. General Machines Limited , .

Imported, arranged Past Indefinite to import, to arrange

 

V. Distribution of manufactured goods

Manufacturers produce finished goods from raw materials or from components. The places where they produce the goods are called factories. When they sell the goods on the domestic market, they usually sell them in bulk to a wholesaler. The wholesaler supplies the goods to many different retailers and then the retailers sell them to individual customers. Companies usually store goods in bulk in warehouses until they sell them.

Sometimes manufacturers, wholesalers or retailers export goods to wholesalers, retailers or manufacturers in other countries. Sometimes they import goods from other countries. A freight forwarder (or forwarding agent) is a company which arranges the transportation of goods to and from other countries. Anyone who sells goods abroad is an exporter. Anyone who buys goods from abroad is an importer.

 

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. , , . , . , . , .

, , . . ( ) , . , , . , , .

 

A manufacturer

To produce -

Finished goods ,

Raw materials

A factory

Domestic market

A wholesaler

A retailer

A customer

A warehouse

To export

To import

A freight forwarder (a forwarding agent) ,

Transportation

An exporter

An importer

 

 

VI. Manufacturers export goods:

to retailers or manufacturers in other countries.

2

 

1

I. 1. This is the first time we have arranged transportation for GML and they haven't paid their invoice yet. General Machines Limited, -.

Have arranged, havent paid Present Perfect to arrange, to pay

2. I 'll expect to receive the application form soon. .

ll expect Future Indefinite to expect

3. Goods will not be disturbed before they reach their buyer. , , .

Will not be disturbed Future Indefinite Passive to disturb

4. These tourists are on holiday abroad. They are staying in a hotel, purchasing meals and hiring cars. . , .

Are, are staying, are purchasing, are hiring Present Continuous to be, to stay, to purchase, to hire

II. 1. There are two specialised kinds of consignment note called an air way bill and a Bill of Lading. One is for goods sent by sea and the other is for goods sent by air. - (). , , , .

Specialized Participle II,

Called Participle II,

Sent Participle II,

2. This cargo ship is transporting foreign goods. .

Transporting Participle I, -.

3. The shipping company that owns the cargo ship is beingpaid freights by foreign companies. , .

Shipping Participle I,

Being Participle I, -

Paid Participle II, -

4. Two people starting a business together can start a partnership or a private limited company. , , .

Starting Participle I,

Limited Participle II,

 

 

III.1. There must be at least two partners in a partnership. .

2. A person who wants to start a business, but who has not got any partners can start a sole proprietorship. , , , .

3. He will be able to type when he has done the typing course. , .

 

IV.

!!!

, (.. , , )

( , , ).

Exchange rates

 

Importers and exporters rarely use the same currency, so when goods are imported, money has to be changed from one currency to another. There are two ways of doing this. The exporter can be paid in the importer's currency, then change it on the international currency market. Or he can ask to be paid in his own currency. Then the importer will have to sell his currency and purchase the exporter's. Their banks will usually buy and sell the currencies for them. The amount paid in one currency for another is known as the exchange rate. Exchange rates can change from day to day with currencies becoming weaker or stronger.

The international currency market is operated by international banks and exchange brokers, using telephones, telex and cables. They can quote buying and selling rates for all foreign currencies, both for immediate purchase, and for a future date.

 

, , . . , , . . -. . , , , . . .

, , . , .

 

 

V. Money has to be changed because:

overseas traders usually use different currencies.

 

VI. Currency

To import

To change

International currency market

To sell

To purchase

An amount

Exchange rate

An international bank

An exchange broker

To quote

Buying rate

Selling rate

Foreign currency

 

3

 

 

I. 1. This problem can be solved by our manager. .

Can be solved Present Indefinite Passive

2. This piece of machinery has been designed to unload four pallets at the same time. , .

Has been designed Present Perfect Passive

3. No tea is grown in Britain so it is all imported. , .

Is grown, is imported Present Indefinite Passive

 

 

II. 1. Government has many ways of making sure that citizens obey the law. , .

2. If it is a public limited company, shares can be bought and sold freely. , .

3. One can't learn a language in one month. .

 

 

III.1. He is still doing his ordinary everyday job for the company. .

2. Did the company guarantee the delivery of each lot without delay? , ?

3. Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law. , , .

4. In Britain most court cases are open to the public. .

5. When you go to America you have to get a visa. , .

 

 

IV.1. The work the computer does is called data processing. , , .

2. The man I wanted to see was away on holiday. , , .

3. Everything he said was true. , , .

 

 

V. 1. Two couples have enough money to buy a small hotel which they will all work in. , .

2. The buyer asks his bank to open a credit in the seller's favour. .

3. It is also possible in English law to bring a civil action against the police. .

 

 

IV. In the office

The word commerce suggests buying and selling, the exchange of goods between countries. The word industry suggests the production of goods by mining and manufacture. When we see or hear the word business, however, we think first of all not of shops, factories or mines but of offices. Modern business is done chiefly in offices, and office work usually means various forms of communication.

A business man needs to communicate with other business men. He can do this by using the telephone. He can also do it by writing, but the modern business man does not write his letters by hand. He dictates them to a shorthand typist, usually a woman. She types the letters and later takes them to be signed. When all the letters have been signed, they are put in envelopes and are ready for the post.

It is not necessary to type an address on an envelope. There are envelopes with a "window" of transparent paper, and the letter can be folded so that the name and address typed on the letter can be seen through this "window".

The telephone is an important part of the communications system. The head of a large department usually has two telephones on his desk. One is connected, through a switchboard, to the public Post-Office system. The other is connected to a private internal system. This makes it possible for members of the staff in different parts of the same building to talk to one another without leaving their rooms.

 

 

, . . , , , , . , , , , ; .

. . , . , . . , , .

. , , , , .

. . . . , , , .

 

A business man needs to communicate with other business men.

He can do this by using the telephone

He can also do it by writing, but the modern business man does not write his letters by hand.

She types the letters and later takes them to be signed.

It is not necessary to type an address on an envelope.

 

There are envelopes with a "window" of transparent paper, and the letter can be folded so that the name and address typed on the letter can be seen through this "window".

This makes it possible for members of the staff in different parts of the same building to talk to one another without leaving their rooms.

 

VII.1. What does the word "commerce" suggest?

The word commerce suggests buying and selling, the exchange of goods between countries.

2. Why is it possible for members of the staff in different parts of the same building to talk to one another without leaving their rooms?

It is possible for members of the staff in different parts of the same building to talk to one another without leaving their rooms because their telephones are connected to a private internal system.

 

VIII. Commerce

Buying

Selling

Exchange

Goods

Industry

Production

Mining

Manufacture

A shop

A factory

An office

Communication

To communicate

A shorthand typist

To sign

A head

A department

To connect

A switchboard

Post-Office

A private internal system

Staff -

 



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