MAN, SOCIETY, ENVIRONMENT. , ,
1.The environment, interfered in by man, , -
proved to be frail and vulnerable. ,
.
2.How to combine the necessary caution -
with the great development projects? -
?
3. Can people govern nature harmoniously -
in the context of their activities? -
?
4.The contradictions between man and na-
ture acquire a dramatic character. -
.
5.All aspects of the biosphere and all that ,
happens in it are closely connected. , .
6.So any disruptions anywhere can affect -
all the rest. .
7.The changes are too fast for the biosphere ,
to self-adjust. -
.
8.If there are qualitative changes in the -
Earths biosphere, it will no longer corres- ,
pond to the biological requirement of man. -
.
9.Mans ability to adapt is rather insignificant. -
.
10.The changes in the biosphere endanger not
only the harmony in it, but the very existence ,
of the human race. .
11.The measures we undertake do not always ,
produce the desired effect. .
12.The reason in hat we approach the problem ,
from the wrong end, fighting the effects, not ,
the causes of the problem. And a precise fore- ,
cast of the possible impact on nature is hardly . -
needed. -
.
13.The world industry pollutes the air, dischar- -
ging harmful wastes into the atmosphere. , -
.
14.Residents of many cities suffocate from
among. .
15.The air pollution accalerates the climatic -
changes. .
16.It makes the atmosphere less transparent, -
changes its composition. , .
17.The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere 2 -
creates a green house effect. .
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18.And the greater is the mean temperature of -
the Earth. .
19.The slightest disturbance of the temperature -
balance leads to a disaster. .
20.It affects the global ecosystems. -
.
21.The chemical threat to the life protecting ozo-
ne layer in the high atmosphere turns out to -
be too serious. -
.
22.The ozone layer soreens out the part of the -
suns ultraviolet rays that harms living things. ,
.
23.A decline in global ozone resulted in the
ozone hole over Antarctica. -
.
24.Its time we recognize- we cannot continue -
to waste and mistreat a precious, finite reso-
urce water. , -
.
25.The planets most vital natural resource can- -
not be taken for granted.
.
26.Ocean makes the weather on our planet, pro- -
duce the oxygen with its plankton layer. ,
.
27.Its our still untouched mineral treasure and
the future source of our dinner menu in ca- , -
se we manage to preserve it. ,
.
28.The issue of water pollution remains topi-
cal. .
29.According to the estimates of specialists
the ocean life is under sentence of death. -
.
30.Building power stations, discharging water ,
from rivers we violate the hydrilogical con- , -
ditions of vast areas and create water shor- -
tages. , .
31.We conquer deserts, making them bloom. ,
.
32.We build networks of dams, irrigation sys- ,
tems regardless of laws of nature. , .
33.We face serious water problems- both ,
lack of supply and doubtful purity. -
.
34.Drinking water in many regions of the
world is load with chemicals bacteria, , -
various harmful wastes. , .
35.As we can see certain antagonisms arise ,
if economy develops regardless of the ,
environment.
.
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36.Traditionally, chemists, more than anyone , -
else, are blamed for the environmental prob- , -
lems. .
37.It should be noted that chemical industries ,
come after thermal power stations, metal- -
lurgy enterprises and agriculture in the ,
list of polluters.
.
38.On the other hand, the chemical industry -
supplies agriculture with mineral fertili-
zers and pesticides.
.
39.It turns into a destabilizing environmental -
factor. .
40.The accumulation of pesticides in the
biosphere poses a great danger. .
41.Traces of them are detectable in the blood
of people and animals. .
42.Food-products made of grain, meat, milk, ,
fish can be chemically rather dangerous. , , -
.
43.We consume food kept in refrigerators , -
with the help of synthetic chemicals.
.
44.Dealing with these chemicals requires
a strictly scientific approach. .
45.At the same time we create shortages
of the most valuable soil. .
46.Extracting ore, creating labyrinths of ,
mines and communication tunnels we -
destroy the soil. .
47.The cutting down of forests have resulted
in erosion and advancing of deserts. .
48.The conveniences for each person cost -
nature 300 trees. 300 .
49.The very existence of a biosphere -
depends on the diversity of living orga- -
nisms. .
50.Forests are disappearing through mans -
activities and many animal species with ,
them. .
51.The international Red Data Book lists -
286 species which are today on the brink 286 , -
of extinction. .
52.If we do not put a stop to it there will ,
be a loss of this diversity. .
53.In this connection setting up of new natu-
ral reserves is quite necessary. -
.
54.These are the territories where nature is , -
left to itself. .
55.In the national parks the natural environment
is almost completely intact. .
56.Such protected areas are important for sefe-
guarding the gene banks of flora and fauna
for ecological research. , -
.
57.They can serve a standard that can give an , -
idea of current changes and make foreca- -
sting possible. -
.
58.The economic growth is a Pyrric victory -
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as it has been attained at the price of des- , -
troying nature. .
59.The question is does society really need :
all this industry? -
?
60.Our experience shows: increased pro- : -
duction does not in itself prosperity. -
-
() .
61.There are only two ways of preserving , -
the environment. .
62.The most radical way is to reduce in- -
dustrial output and the consumption
of natural resources. .
63.Resource-saving technologies is one of - -
the keys to settle the conflict between eco- ,
nomy and nature. -
.
64.This tendency can be observed in all tech-
nologically advanced countries. .
65.The other way is to introduce new production -
processes- waste- free technologies- on a rea- -
lly large scale.
.
66.This will help to eliminate the discharge of
harmful wastes or reduce it to a safe level.
.
67.The sanitation service and the inspectorates -
must have the right to impose penalties or
to shut down the enterprises that pollute the
environment. ,
.
68.Each industrial enterprise must make friends
with the neighboring forestry, fishery.
, -
.
69.It should do its best to cause them no harm,
even set out to help them.
.
70.Its necessary to follow the recommenda- -
tions of scientists when new regions are -
developed. .
71.Today they are often ignored. .
72.All economic activities of man must com- -
ply with the provision of nature con-
servation laws. .
73.The arms race does a great deal of damage -
to nature. .
74.The tremendous manufacture of mass des- -
truction weapons devours natural reso-
urces. .
75.Building of military projects remove vast
territories from the ecological systems.
.
76.Even the limited local conflicts result in -
open wounds in the biosphere which do not
heal. , .
77.Peace is the prime condition of a natural -
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balance. .
78.Nowadays we often use the word bioecos -
a term comprised of two words bio- , -
meaning organism and ecos- meaning -
environment. -
.
79.They can form a harmonious whole.
.
80.Everything must be done for the benefit
of man. .
81.Mans health and his life span depends -
on two factors: mans potential and the -
environment. : -
.
82.Such factors as pollution, noise, water sho- , ,
rtages, conditions of life in a big city lead , ,
to terrible diseases, nervous disorders, -
stress. , -
, .
83.The progress in nature preservation will re- -
sult in the improvement of mans health and -
the prolongation of his life. .
84.Nowadays science concentrates not only -
on the socio-economic problems of ecology, --
but also on the ethical and psychological , -
aspects of this problem.
.
85.Its vital that people should be educated ,
so that everybody realize that the preser- , -
vation of nature is not the concern of other , -
people. .
86.Unfortunately, most of them are brought ,
up not to care. , -
.
87.It may seem that there is not much ordi- , -
nary people can do. , .
88.But the more we show we do care, the more
will be done to preserve our environment. , -
,
.
89.No serious steps would be taken in defi-
ance of public opinion. -
.
90.Many people are fed up with all the talk
of ecological disaster. .
91.They go out into the country and they are
amazed how clean and unspoilt our nature
is. .
92The trouble is that the pollution is not alwa- ,
ys tangible. .
93.It is scientists. teachers, public figures and , , -
organizations who are to show people a
real picture and make them realize what ,
is happening. , .
94.Though there are many dedicated envi- ,
ronmentalists particularly among young ,
people. .
95.Engages in nature protection activities they
acquire environmental knowledge. , -
.
96.It is obvious that the school curriculum ,
too should include a course in ecology. -
.
97.The statistics shows that there are some , -
countries nowadays which pollute the envi- -
ronment less than the others, , .
98.But that is no ground for complacency.
.
99.Nature protection is our common concern. - .
100.In the light of this the formation of inter- ,
national working groups on environment-
necessary. -
.
101.It will enable the countries to share their
achievements and experience in this -
field. .
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102.It will outline the way of joint research -
into the most important and complex
problems. .
103.And the environment will respond to so- -
cietys concern for it by improving the -
conditions of mans life.
CLICHES FOR RESUME
| 1. The Author / the text / the article | 1. / / () |
| 1) starts by telling the readers (about, that) 2) speaks about tells about 3) acquaints with 4) describes (in details) 5) portrays 6) narrates 7) represents 8) dwells upon, touches upon (the problem) 9)shows 10)informs gives a valuable information on 11)notifies 12)lets know 13)instructs gives instructions 14) characterizes | () ( ) () |
| 2. The Author | 2. |
| 1) writes (about, that) 2) says that 3) reports 4) mentions 5) refers to smth 6) quotes 7) uses 8) points out 9) means 10) thinks 11) states 12) stresses 13)underlines 14)emphasizes 15)implies 16)attempts 17)intends/ has an intention 18)purposes (to give readers some information on) 19)announces 20)differentiates/ distinguishes 21)identifies 22)discovers 23)comments upon 24)confesses 25)remarks / notes / notices 26) expresses 27)declares 28)affirms 29)assumes, supposes 30)reckons / considers/ regards 31)recites 32)repeats 33)decides 34)estimates / appreciates 35)suggests 36)recommends 37)develops an idea of 38)passes over to 39)proves 40)pays attention to 41)attracts / draws smbs attention to 42)criticizes 43)introduces 44)takes into account 45)exemplifies 46)concludes / comes to the conclusion/ arrives to the conclusion | , ( ) - . , |
| 3. The text (the article) | 3. () |
| 1) is about 2) deals with 3) is devoted to (a problem of, a description of) 4) gives a detailed analysis of 5) has a title (is entitled) 6) begins with 7) ends 8) continues / goes on / keeps on.. 9) The main idea of the article / text is 10)The purpose(aim) of the article text is to provide the reader with some information on 11)As a title implies the text describes 12)The text is of great help to 13)The text is of interest to | , (, ) / / , |
| 4. Expressions of opinion | 4. |
| 1) I (dont) think that 2) I guess 3) I mean 4) I believe 5) I suppose 6) Im sure that 7) I doubt (that, if) 8) I (fully) agree disagree with the fact that 9) I dare say 10) I only know that 11) I want to start with 12) As for me As I see 13) I have an opinion that In my opinion To my mind From my point of view To my way of thinking The way I see it 14) It seems to me that 15) As far as I know see it understand it 16) I might as well add 17) Im afraid that 18) I see no point in saying that 19) Now I begin to see 20) Id like to draw your attention to the following(to the problem) 21) I only want to say 22) The thing I want to mention now is 23) While Im at it Id like to point out 24) I dont want to impose my idea, but 25) I wouldnt go so far as to say that 26) I cannot make up my mind as to 27) The last thing I want to say 28) To sum up my story 29) We can see add, observe, comprehend, conceive, remark, detect, come cross, trace | () , , , () , , , , , , , , , , |
| 5.Introductory words and phrases | 5. |
| 1) It is necessary to note that 2) It should be stressed that... 3) It is extremely important (nowadays) 4) It is rather difficult to 5) It is not surprising that 6) It is interesting to note that 7) It is useful 8) It would be wise to mention here 9) It is hard to understand at once 10) Considering the situation it should be noted 11) It is clear that 12) It is known that Everybody knows that 13) It becomes obvious that 14) It is a well-known fact that 15) It goes without saying that 16) There is no doubt that 17) It proves to be It appears It turned out 18) It is a striking example of 19) The important thing in the text is 20) It is specially noted 21) It is mentioned 22) It is spoken in detail 23) It draws our attention to 24) is proposed 25) are examined 26) are discussed 27) It leaves open the problem of 28) The method proposed 29) An option permits 30) The difference between the termsandshould be stressed 31) The facts show 32) Science fiction shows 33) Everything points to the fact that 34) In point of 35) As a matter of fact / in fact/ 36) The point is 37) The action takes place 38) According to the article / text 39) Judging by 40) Due to 41) By the way 42) To my regret 43) At the same time / meanwhile 44) Among other things 45) Frankly speaking / to tell the truth 46) Speaking about(it is necessary to mention) 47) In other words 48) No wonder 49) That is to say 50) At first then 51) In the first place(firstly) 52) In the second place..(secondly) 53) on one hand 54) on the other hand 55) In short 56) From the text / article/ episode we can see 57) In contrast to 58) On the contrary 59) Moreover 60) Otherwise 61) Nevertheless However Besides StillYet 62) Evidently / obviously| clearly 63) Fortunately / unfortunately 64) IndeedSurely / certainly / really 65) Anyway /at any rate / in any case 66) Though 67) In spite of 68) Perhaps / maybe / probably 69) Thus | , , , , , , , , , , , ( ) , , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () // () / , , , , |
| 6. The development of the action | 6. |
| 1) In the beginning 2) To begin with To start with Starting with Beginning with 3) From the very start beginning 4) Firstly / at first/ first of all | , |
| 5) Later the action /text develops The action / text moves on to 6) Further on (the author) describes / writes 7) Then Later on Next 8) (Soon) after that 9) The events that follow show | , () |
| 10)At the end of the text Finally Eventually At last 11)The last thing to (point out, note) 12)The text / article ends in 13)Finishing with 14) As a result 15) In conclusion(Id like to say) | () (, , ( ) |
RESUME EXAMPLE
Text Environmental geology
1.landslide
2.landfill
3.subsidence ()
4.flood
5.hazard
6.earthquake
7.downslope
Although the phrase "Environmental Geology" is relatively new, the Survey has been practicing the concept since its inception in 1897. Basically, environmental geology is the application of geological data and information for people's needs and the improvement of our environment. Included in environmental geology studies are such topics as landslides, landfills, potable water supplies, flooding, mineral resources, and earthquakes. Some of these we want to find and use wisely (mineral resources, water supplies), others we wish to avoid (landslides, earthquakes subsidence, and floods), while others we desperately need, but want them to be safe (landfills, earthen dams). All of these subjects can make use of geology to a very great extent, and it is the purpose of environmental geology to provide the basic geological information so that people can understand it and use it properly.
Geological hazards such as landslides, earthquakes, subsidence, and floods, have been studied extensively in West Virginia. Landslides represent the mass movement of rock and soil material downslope due to gravity. Several factors contribute to triggering landslides, but the most important ones are heavy rains, clay soil, and steep slopes. Our studies indicate that there are nearly 500,000 landslides in the State and damage estimates are about 30 million dollars annually. Earthquakes are not common in West Virginia, but since 1758 there have been dozens that have occurred in the Appalachians and felt in the State. Subsidence is the collapse of the ground surface over a void, whether natural or man-made. Two general conditions in the State cause subsidence: natural collapse over limestone caves and caverns, and man-made collapse over coal mines. Floods are common in West Virginia because of heavy rains and narrow stream valleys. Some floods are also man-made, such as the Buffalo Creek disaster in 1972 when an earthen dam broke.
Another hazard is radon, a natural radioactive decay product of many rocks in the State. Much needs to be done to understand just which rock types are the major contributors and what are the areal extent of these rocks. Part of the problem of higher-than-normal radon in houses is the specific construction of the houses: old or new? vented or not? cracks in basements and walls? Radioactive decay is also a man-made problem due to the need to dispose of low-level radioactive waste (LLW) from hospitals and industry. Although West Virginia produces LLW, it is transported out-of-state for disposal at the present time. In the future, we may have to take care of it ourselves.
Landfills are necessary in all states to provide proper disposal of garbage, so that the leachate generated from its decomposition does not pollute the ground water. Environmental geology plays an important role in identifying the proper rock, soil, topography, and water conditions so that it can really be called a sanitary landfill. The location of a landfill should avoid limestone, sandstone, and alluvium; avoid all steep slopes; and avoid faults, fractures, and exposed bedding planes.
Water is our most essential mineral resource, providing drinking water, navigation, recreation, and is indispensable for agriculture, industry, the generation of electricity, and a host of other uses. In West Virginia, we use about 25 to 30 billion gallons per day. Most of this water is not consumed but returned almost immediately back to the creeks and rivers. Potable drinking water is probably the most important and one of the jobs of environmental geology is to locate these sources, whether a nearby creek or a location for a well. Water wells tap the ground water, but the geologist must know the rock types and structure in order to properly locate a well site that may produce enough water to provide the needs of a household or development. The pollution of surface and ground water is a constant problem in West Virginia, primarily due to sewage and acid mine drainage. Large sewage treatment plants and small septic tank systems are the domain of the State Health Department and their use is increasing, although they are expensive. Acid mine drainage has been studied extensively and again, treatment is improving, but the cost factors are large. Although the environmental geologist does get involved with these last two areas, they are primarily under the regulatory control of other State agencies.
Environmental geology uses many of the specialties of geology such as stratigraphy, structure, hydrology, and related areas of chemistry, physics, biology, and mining methods. All of these disciplines assist in one way or another to solve a problem or provide a solution to a situation in environmental geology. It then becomes the job of the environmental geologist to synthesize and piece together the critical information in a format for the homeowner, government agency, or a public group to comprehend. And like many environmental problems and hazards, the geologist must realize that financial, social, and political aspects play major roles in any decision process.
RESUME
The text Environmental Geology is about the discipline of environmental geology itself and what it studies. First of all the author of the text notifies that this discipline is the application of data and information for peoples needs and the improvement of our environment. The author underlines that environmental geology studies such topics as landslides, landfills, potable water resources, mineral resources, earthquakes, floods. According to the text the purpose of environmental geology is to provide the basic geological information to understand it and to use it properly. Then the author gives us some facts about geological hazards which can be either natural or man-made(floods). It is known that radioactive decay is also man-made problem due to the need to dispose of low-level radioactive wastes from hospitals and industry. It becomes obvious that landfills are necessary in all states to provide proper disposal of garbage and to locate it well. It goes without saying that potable drinking water is probably the most important and one of the jobs of environmental geology is to locate water sources. The author concludes that environmental geology uses many of the specialties of geology such as stratigraphy, structure, hydrology, biology etc. And the purpose of these disciplines is to solve the environmental problems.
