- , , . , .
, - , . . .
, ( ) .
(). , - , , (), (), (). , - , . , . .
: () ().
, , . (), , . . .
:
- , , ;
- , , , , , ;
- .
. , , , . , . . , , , . , :
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N = R × D = R × KD × D;×
N = M × μ;
N = F × f = F × × f;
N = E× l,
N | ; | ||
R | ; | ||
D | ; | ||
KD | , ; | ||
D | ; | ||
M | , ; | ||
μ | ; | ||
F | (); | ||
f | ; | ||
; | |||
f | f ; | ||
E | ; | ||
l | . |
, . ( , , . ), ( ) . .
:
- ,
n
y = Σ xi;
i = 1
- ,
n
y = xi;
i = 1
- ,
y = | x1 | ; |
x2 |
- ,
= | n Σ xi i=1 | , | = | x1 | , | = | n xi i=1 | . . | ||
xn+1 | n Σ xi i=2 | xn+1 |
(), , , , .
.
. .
.
,
,
; | |||
; | |||
; | |||
; | |||
; | |||
; | |||
. |
. .
|
|
.
,
ρ .
ρ | ; | ||
; | |||
; | |||
; | |||
. |
. .
.
,
ρ = = ρN × lK × d,
ρ | ; | ||
; | |||
ρN | ; | ||
lK | ; | ||
d | . |
. , .
,
= | P | = | = | ρN | = | ρN | ||
F + E | f + |
; | |||
f | ; | ||
; | |||
f | ; | ||
l | . |
, () .
, . . , .
.
, , .
, , , .
y = f(a,b,c,d) , y a, b, c, d. Δy = y1 y0, , , . .
Δy = Δya + Δyb + Δyc + Δyd.
y0 = f(a0,b0,c0,d0)
ya = f(a1,b0,c0,d0) Δya = ya y0
yb = f(a1,b1,c0,d0) Δyb = yb ya
yc = f(a1,b1,c1,d0) Δyc = yc yb
y1 = f(a1,b1,c1,d1) Δyd = y1 yc
Δy = Δya + Δyb + Δyc + Δyd
.
.
Δya = f(a1,b0,c0,d0) f(a0,b0,c0,d0)
Δyb = f(a1,b1,c0,d0) f(a1,b0,c0,d0)
Δyc = f(a1,b1,c1,d0) f(a1,b1,c0,d0)
Δyd = f(a1,b1,c1,d1) f(a1,b1,c1,d0).
Δya + Δyb + Δyc + Δyd Δy.
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. (4.1).
4.1
a | b | c | d | |||
1. | a0 | b0 | c0 | d0 | y0 = f(a0,b0,c0,d0) | × |
2. | a1 | b0 | c0 | d0 | ya = f(a1,b0,c0,d0) | Δya = ya y0 |
3. b | a1 | b1 | c0 | d0 | yb = f(a1,b1,c0,d0) | Δyb = yb ya |
4. c | a1 | b1 | c1 | d0 | yc = f(a1,b1,c1,d0) | Δyc = yc yb |
5. d | a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | y1 = f(a1,b1,c1,d1) | Δyd = y1 yc |
× | × | × | × | × | Δya + Δyb + + Δyc + Δyd |
() . , y = a × b × c :
Δya = Δa × b0 × c0
Δyb = a1 × Δb × c0
Δyc = a1 × b1 × Δc.
( ). y = a × b × c :
Δya = y0 × (Ia 1)
Δyb = y0 × Ia × (Ib 1)
Δyc = y0 × Ia × Ib × (Ic 1),
Ia | a (Ia = a1: a0); | ||
Ib | b; | ||
I | ; | ||
y0 | . |
, (4.2).
4.2
Ia | Ib | Ic | |||
1. | y0 | Ia 1 | × | × | Δya = y0 × (Ia 1) |
2. b | y0 | Ia | Ib 1 | × | Δyb = y0 × Ia × (Ib 1) |
3. c | y0 | Ia | Ib | Ic 1 | Δyc = y0 × Ia × Ib × (Ic 1) |
× | × | × | × | Δya + Δyb + Δyc |
. , . , y = a × b × c
y = a × b × c = a × | d | × | y | . |
a | d |
:
Δya = y0 × (ka 1)
Δyb = y0 × (kd k)
Δyc = y0 × (ky kd),
ka | a (ka = a1: a0); | ||
kd | d; | ||
ky | . |
, , ( , ).
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, . , , , , .
, , f = x ×y (. 4.1).
0 × Δy | |||||||||
1 | |||||||||
Δ × Δy | |||||||||
0 | |||||||||
0 × y0 | Δ × y0 | ||||||||
0 | 1 | ||||||||