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充.13
13
, , .
- , "" . , - , (, ) . , , , -, , -, .
- "", . , , , , . , 50, 60- , , - , . . .
, 1965-... American Telegraph & Telephone Bell Labs General Electric Os Multics ( MAC - OS). , . . - , . , - , , , . Multics . , , . , . , . , Multics , . , . , , Bell Labs. . , . , , , Multics Unix.
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Unix
, . , Space Travel. 1969 Honeywell-635, Multics. , Honeywell, General Electric-645 . - 18- D-7. , . . . Bell Labs . , inodes, , TimeSharing' ( ) . . , , Multics, - - - UNICS. UNIX ( , ). .
, UNIX. 1971 . UNIX. - , . . , , . 4- UNIX 1973 . 1974 5- UNIX. UNIX (k UNIX V6), 1975 , . . , . (aka UNIX version 7). 1976 , -. . -, UNIX. ( ), Distribution (BSD 1.0). BSD . BSD UNIX Version 7 VAX, 32/V, BSD 3.x. , - /I; . UNIX SYSTEM III 1982 . UNIX Version 7.
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:
-, , UNIX . Microsoft Corporation, Santa Cruz Operation UNIX- XENIX.
-, Bell Labs , UNIX ( System V) .
1984- UNIX System V, : , (-on-write), . . UNIX 100 . .
1987- UNIX System V. ..., Linux, 1990 , 1991. BSD, Linux , , . , , , Windows 9x.
DOS
. - I, 1960-, . , , , QDOS.
, UNIX, 1980 Seattle Computer Products. QDOS, , MS-DOS, Microsoft. I Microsoft - I-. 1981 - -DOS 1.0. , . -DOS' I, , MS-DOS. 1982- -DOS S-DOS 1.1 . 1983- 2.0, , . MS-DOS, 1984- , . 6.22, 7.0, - Windows 9. Microsoft DOS' .
, MS-DOS . , S-DOS 6.22 , , , . . , S-DOS . 6.65. DR-nDos 7.02. OC Digital Research, - Novell. - CALDERA, DR-DOS .
OS/2
OC VM (Virtual Machine), 1972 . VM/370 . , 25- , I , - c, . VM/ESA OS/390, , . IBM Microsoft I, , . 0S/2 1987 . I. 1993 I 0S/2 2.1, 32- , , Windows, . 1994 0S/2 WARP 3. , , . 0S/2 Warp4, 64- . , , 0S/2 , -. , I 0S/2 . , , , , , REXX, . 0S/2 .
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Windows
Windows , , , , . ? -, . 0S. -, . , 1985 Windows 1.0. 286- .
, 87- Windows 2.0, 2.10. . , , ! 1990- , Windows 3.0. : - , -Paste - , : ( 640 ), . , . (DDE). 3.1, . , True . . Drag&Drop ( ). 3.11 . Windows NT 3.5, , 0S/2.
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1995 Microsoft , , Windows 3.11.
24 - Windows 95 ( : Windows 4.0, Windows Chicago). - . 32- . 32- , . , .
Windows NT , 95-. : . Windows N 4.x , , Microsoft , , N , - V/VMS.
1996- Windows-95 OSR2 ( Open Service Relase). Internet Explorer 3.0 - Outlook ( Exchange). - F32, . ( ) . DOS 7.10 F32.
1998. Windows-98 Internet Explorer 4.0 Outlook. Active Desktop. DirectX. . F16 F32. DOS 7.10.
Windows 98 Special Edition. . Internet Explorer 5.0, 4.x. , FrontPage Web Publisher. DOS - 7.10.
2000. Windows Millenium. Explorer 5.5, DOS , , , 8.0. . , ( ), . Windows 2000 Windows XP. 2005 , Windows 2000 , , . Windows 2000, , , Windows XP . Ÿ Windows Server 2003. Windows XP Windows Server 2003 , . Windows Vista, Windows XP, . Microsoft Windows Vista Windows Server 2008. 30 2006 Microsoft Windows Vista Office 2007 . 30 2007 .
Longhorn ( Longhorn Saloon ). Vista 22 2005 . Microsoft Windows Longhorn Server Windows Server 2008. 8 2006 Windows Vista . 30 2007 .
, , Windows Vista, Microsoft - . , , OpenGL Direct3D. OpenGL Direct3D OpenGL. , OpenGL Windows Vista . Windows Vista WinFS - .
Windows 7. 22 2009 , , Windows Vista. , Volume Licensing, RTM 24 2009 . ( , ) 2009 .
Windows 7 , Windows Vista, . Windows 7 Inkball, Ultimate Extras; , Windows Live ( Windows, Windows .), Microsoft Agent, Windows Meeting Space; .