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LINUX
Linux, .
:
. , . . , - , . . .
Init. , , . , , .
Shell. , , . , . Shell , (shell-). shell . , , , -. .. - . Linux .
Shell - POSIX , Tcl/Tk.
Bash, POSIX. Shell mc , Norton Commander.
X- (X-Windows). .
KDE, Gnome. KDE : , , . KDE (qt, kde-libs) , . Gnome , .
NFS, SMB, TCP/IP. NFS - -NFS (Network File System) . -NFS (PC) . SMB - , Windows NT. TCP/IP - (Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP UNIX. , , .
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. GCC EGCS PGCC ++; (Obective C, , , Modula-3, , Java .); : Kdevelop, Xwpe; AUTOCONFIG, AUTOMAKE.
LINUX .
Login - , "student". , :
Password , "student" Enter.
, login . password, . LINUX : student@linux:>
LINUX.
exit - .
LINUX :
[] [] []
; - (-); - ; . .
echo, : echo good morning, Enter. " good morning " echo. shell echo, , . -. echo: echo [-n] [arg1] [arg2] [arg3]...
, . - n .
who [am i] - .
, . , :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
date - .
cal [[]] - ; , cal | more .
man < > - . - Q.
man , .
tty - , .
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cat < > - . cat > text.1 text.1, , . Enter . - Ctrl - d. cat text.1 > text.2 text.1 text.2. cat text.1 text.2 > text.3.
ls [-alrstu] [] - . , .
:
-a - , ;
-l - , , , , ;
- r - , ;
- s - ;
- t - ;
- u - , .
rm < > - (). rm text.1 text.2 text.3 text.1, text.2, text.3. - rm text.[123] rm text.[1-3].
wc [ ] - , .
clear - .
():
& - , ;
? - , ;
* - , ;
| - - ;
> - ;
< - ;
; - , ;
&& - , ( 0);
|| - , ( 1);
() - ;
{ } - ;
[] - ( );
>> - .
.
who | wc - w (word count - );
cat text.1 > text.2 - text.1 text.2;
mail student < file.txt - file.txt , ;
cat text.1,text.2 - text.1 text.2;
cat text.1 >> text.2 - text.1 text.2;
cc primer.c & - - . a.out.
cc -o primer.o primer.c - - primer.o;
rm text.* - text;
{cat text.1; cat text.2} | lpr - pp text.1 text.2 ;
ps [al] [number] - :
-a - , ;
-l - ;
number - .
ps , , . :
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
1 S 200 210 7 0 2 20 80 30 703a 03 0:07 cc
1 R 12 419 7 11 5 20 56 20 03 0:12 ps
F - (1 - , 2 - , 4 - , 20 - , 10 - );
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S - (O - , S - , R - , I - );
UID - ;
PID - ;
PPID - ;
C - ;
PRI - , NICE, , ;
NI - NICE , 0 39;
ADDR - ;
SZ - , ;
WCHAN - , , - ;
TTY - ;
TIME - ;
CMD - , .
nice [- ] [] - . () 0 39, , . 0 , 39 - . , . nice -10 ls -l , ls -l 10.
renice 5 1836 - 1836 5. .
kill [-sig] < > - . sig - . sig = -15 () , = -9 - . sig= -9. kill -9 0. , .
mc - (-) Midnight Commander, Norton Commander.
sort [-dr] - .
1. .
2. LINUX.
3. , .
4. .
5. VI (. ), ( TXT) , .
6. , .
7. .
8. .
9. VI, .
10. , , .
11. - .
12. .
1. LINUX DOS.
2. ?
3. "" ?
4. ?
5. Shell?
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