( ).
.., ... : . - Ȼ,2002.
.., .., .. : . .: - Ȕ, 2008.
3. .., ... : .- ӫȻ,2009.
4. :
.. .
======================================
- . [ (2)-]→→ ר
( ) :
1) ( ; ; . . )
2) + .
3) () ↑ :
, , .
4) ( ).
5) ( ):
: =√3 ≈1.732(3 ).
6) : , →
→ → ר!
: [ (2) - ]→ → ר ( 30.12)
- .
(), () .
1) ⇒ : A() ⇒ B() () () ≡ (), ()
2) ó , : A() ó B() () () :
3) , : () () - () () ó ;
4) , : - , () () ó
5) : - ( ) ()
6) , : - () , ()
∄
7) : , ()
I .
.
(- , , ) (-
) .
A={a:F(a)} A a, F(a) . , , , , . ( ), .
.
A={a:F(a)}. / : F(b) ⇒ b∊A- a ( ) A; - b ( ) A. , , , , .
|
|
,
1) A={1,2,{3,4}} 3 : .
2) B={bn=b1∙qn-1; q≠0 ∧ n=1,2,} q.
3) X={x: x2+x-2=0)} = {1,-2} .
X={x: x2+1=0} =
4) ={(a,b): a,b {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} ∧ a≠0} 90 : NC= 9( )∙10(b)=90.
, = </> ≤ / ≥ : 2<3 2≤3 (2 3 3 2)
+, - .
A={a}, B={b}, ={c}. :
1) :
- =: A=B ó - .
- ⊆: ⊆B ó ( )
. , . , n 2n.
, A={1,2,{3,4} } 23 =8 :
⌀, A, {1}, {2},{{3,4)}, {1,2}, {1,{3,4}}, {2,{3,4}} ⊆ A
2) :
- () ⋃: =A ⋃ B ó - , .
- () ⋂: =A ⋂ B ó - , .
- \: =A \ B ó - A, .
O A={a: F(a)} óF(α) ==> α∊A; F((α)) ==> α∉A |
A={a}, B={b}, C={c} |
⊆: A⊆B ó∀a∊A: a∊B∧; ∀b∊B: b∊A |
U: C=A⋃Bó∀c∊C: c∊A ∨ c∊B |
⋂: C=A⋂Bó∀c∊C: c∊A ∧ c∊B |
\: C=A\ Bó∀c∊C: c∊A ∧ c∊B |
: .
C |
B |
A |
B |
A |
B |
A |
A |
B |
BÌA || C=AÇB || C=AÈB || C=A/B
|| || ||
3) A={a} (*),
, :
N={1,2.3,,n,n+1,} . + x, HO -.
Z={0,1, 2,., n, n+1,} - . +,x -, HO
Q = - . +, -, x,
- :. (3 ..)
, .
R = Q U {.} -
. () R:
[1] :
- |a| : ;
- .
,
-1 |x+3| |x+3|= 2x-5
-2 (+3)1\2 (+3)1\2 = 2x-5
|
|
[2] D=b2-4∙a∙c ax2+bx+c=0 , , .
[3] :
() x (): óM(x).
[5] R :
[a,b] = {x: a≤x≤b} ; (a,b) = {x: a<x<b} ; [a,b), (a,b]
xóM(x) |
[a; |
[a; |
(a; |
x |
b) |
b) |
b] |
R |