UNIT 8. ELEMENTARY MODALS
, . (throw, catch, etc.) (sleep, sit, know, etc.), :
1) (can, may)
My granny can knit very well.
Youd better stop, or you may make a mistake.
2)
(need / need to, must, have to, be to, should, ought to, shall)
You neednt worry.
Well have to stay a bit longer.
Shall I stand up, when I answer?
3 ) (will, would)
My pen just wont write. ( .)
( have to need to) , .. ( Can you) ( cant ).
Can you swim? May we leave now? Should I consult anybody?
When are we to hand in? Children mustnt play with matches.
Need we hurry up? No, you neednt. You really neednt worry.
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Does she need to work? She doesnt need to work much.
1. Read the sentences quickly, using to where necessary.
1. Am I start right now? 2. You ought help your parents. Why should I? 3. Do you need attend the meeting? 4. You neednt speak so loudly, I hear you quite well. 5. Need I sign? 6. Did Mother have cook yesterday? 7. Im sorry, were busy on Saturday, so we wont be able come. 8. You must pay taxes. 9. They said they might finish the work by Monday. 10. You mustnt cheat at exams! 11. May I come in? 12. If you take a taxi, you can get there in time. 13. Shall I stand up? 14. When were you have your tooth filled? 15. The boy just wont obey.
Complete the questions.
1. (I can speak some foreign language) What foreign language __? 2. (Students have to get up early on weekdays) When exactly __? 3. (Monitors are to fill in registers) What information __? 4. (We need to put on a raincoat from time to time) In what cases __? 5. (Well have to take an exam in Grammar) How soon __? 6. (Drivers ought to be careful. Why __? 7. (We must help others) Whom __? 8. (Somebody is to control the traffic) Who __? 9. (We had to take a lot of entrance exams) How many __? 10. (The dean needs to know how we attend classes and how we study) How much __?
Echo the statements.
A. Model: Boys can run fast. So can girls.
1. Taxi drivers ought to be polite. (passengers) 2. Students must come in time. (teachers) 3. Russian people had to fight during the war. (people of other nationalities) 4. You could help your mother more often. (father) 5. Cheetahs can run fast. (leopard) 6. My friend may go to America this summer. (you) 7. Bus drivers should be polite. (conductors) 8. Pupils need to buy notebooks by September. (students) 9. Queens are to visit other countries. (presidents) 10. Mice have to eat something. (any other animal)
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B. People cant fly Neither can hens.
1. Women shouldnt smoke. (men) 2. Monitors oughtnt to be late. (anybody) 3. Students shouldnt smoke in corridors. (teachers) 4. Hens cant fly. (cocks) 5. I dont have to get up early on Sunday. (anybody in the family) 6. My pen wont write. (mine) 7. Husbands shouldnt come home late. (wives) 8. Hare couldnt eat Kolobok. (bare) 9. Teachers neednt get up early on Sundays. (pupils) 10. Trains arent to be late. (buses)
| (can, may), (need (to), must, have to, be to, should, ought to, shall), (will, would) |
| May ( , ). We may pass, or we may not. |
| Can , . : 1) Most birds can fly. 2) My sister can play the piano very well. 3) , I can come at six, mother will baby-sit for me. |
4. Without translating the sentence, just choose can or may fast.
1. -. 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , ! 11. , . 12. . 13. ? 14. , . 15. .
| Need to . , ë. . We all need to survive. Do men need to cook? |
| Must , . , , . All of us must think about the future. Children must treat their parents with respect. |
| have to, , , . Have to , . Youll have to hand in before the bell. Men have to earn money, if they are to support their family. |
| Be to : . All students are to take exams twice a year. You are to come at 2.15. |
| Should ought to - , , . You should consult a doctor. Children ought to obey their parents. |
| Shall , . Shall I start reading? Shall I help you with the books? |
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| : 1) Mustnt . You mustnt talk back in class, youll be punished. 2) Neednt . Shall I stand up when I answer? No, you neednt. |
| , , : 1. had to ( - ) We had to wait for half an hour, there was a dinner break. 2. was to ( , , ) They were to come at 6, but came only at 7. 3. needed to ( ) We needed torelax. |
| must . He said we must be careful. She was sure she must give in. |
5. Translate.
1. Children mustnt play with matches. 2. We should be polite to strangers. 3. He thought he must help them even if he had to risk his life. 4. I was to make a report at the conference, but I fell ill. 5. You neednt join the picnic on Sunday if you dont want to. 6. My dentist says I shouldnt eat so many sweets. 7. You ought to practise more to have good results. 8. I hoped to have the tooth filled, but had to have it extracted. 9. Shall we do this task right now? No, you neednt. 10. Pupils are to stand up when a teacher comes in. 11. What should I do if I miss the train? 12. Mother said I mustnt do my homework to music. 13. Our teacher oughtnt to give us so much work. 14. We didnt have to wait long, only 5 minutes or so. 15. Are we to apologize in such situations?
6. Match the sentence and the modal verb.
| , . | shall | |
| , . | must | |
| ! | can | |
| . | may | |
| ? | should |
| ? | need | |
| 2 . | have to | |
| , . | be to | |
| . | ought to | |
| . | must |
| . | oughtnt to | |
| . | cant | |
| . . | mustnt | |
| . | shouldnt | |
| , . | neednt |
| cancould ( / ) maymight ( / ) have tohad to () will have to () be towas / were to ( ) need toneeded to ( ) |
1) could .
I could carry very heavy things when I was younger.
2) was able to .
I was able to lift a very heavy burden once.
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, ,
could, might, would have to, would be able to, would need to.
I was sure I would be able to win. I didnt think I might fail.
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| (, ). Does your father have to cook? Have you ever had to lie? Did they really need to quarrel? Will you be able to work tomorrow? |
| Will/would () , can/ could. Will/ Would/ Can/ Couldyou lend me your pen, please? |
| May, might . Might I use your phone, please? |
7. Choose the correct variant:
1. I __ help Mum yesterday. (must, had to, should, was to, ought to) 2. __ I borrow your book, please? (can, could, shall, may, might) 3. I __ drive a car. I learnt when I was 19. (could, can, am able to) 4. Shall I take the children to school? No, you __. Mike is giving them a lift. (shouldnt, shant, neednt) 5. You __ drive over 35 mph here. Do you see the sign? (neednt, mustnt, cant, are not to, shouldnt, oughtnt to) 6. Your cousin __ be very rich. He has an expensive car and a huge house. (can, must, may, have to) 7. Stop it, __ you? (could, will, shall, can) 8. The door __ be left open (cant, mustnt, oughtnt to, shouldnt) 9. Be careful when you swim the sea __ be dangerous. (may, must, can, could) 10. Steve is taking guitar lessons. He __ play quite well already, but he hopes he __ play like a professional if he continues with his lessons. (can, could, will be able to, will) 11. You __ eat so much chocolate. (cant, mustnt, neednt, shouldnt, oughtnt to) 12. Nobody __ live a long life without making mistakes. (cant, can, could, may) 13. __ I possibly leave the office an hour earlier than usual? (May, Can, Could, Shall) 14. How __ you know me? (can, may, should) 15. You __ talk back! (mustnt, arent, neednt)
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8. Insert the necessary form of the verb in brackets.
1. In my childhood I ___ (can) run very fast. 2. Mother thought yesterday that it ___ (may) rain. 3. You ___ (have) to do your best to catch up with the group, said the teacher. 4. My husband ___ (be) to collect me from work yesterday. 5. I ___ (have) to walk in the rain, my neighbour gave me a lift to work. 6. Mother was sure I ___ (need) to book tickets beforehand. 7. The children didnt know where they ___ (can) find the information for the report. 8. When my husband was only my boyfriend he ___ (can) present me with flowers every day or so. 9. If I were ready, I ___ (may) go on picnic with you. 10. We ___ (be) to arrive at the station half an hour ago.
*9. Explain the difference in Russian.
1. a) I can help you. b) I could help you. 2. a) We must pay. b) We have to pay. 3. a) You are to stand up. b) You need to stand up. 4. a) They should stay here. b) They ought to stay here. 5. a) You neednt worry. b) You mustnt worry. 6. a) He may get a five. b) He can get a five. 7. a) She cant pass. b) She may not pass. 8. a) Can I use your pen? b) Might I use your telephone? 9. a) Will you speak now? b) Would you speak now, please? 10. a) He was able to escape. b) She could dance well.
*10. Match the parts:
| 1. When I go out 2.When I do my homework 3.When people quarrel 4.When teachers are angry 5.If a man and a woman hate each other 6.When there is neither tram nor bus 7. When the police stop you 8.When Im exhausted 9.When husband and wife meet 10.When two people love each other | Aothers can see it BI have to lie down C they may kiss D they may fight E you should walk home F they are to show their identification cards Gthey shouldnt shout HI have to put on a warm coat I they ought to marry Jthey mustnt show it |
11. Translate the underlined part into English:
1. ? 2. . 3. , . 4. , .. . 5. , .. . 6. , 20 . 7. , . 8. ? 9. , . 10. ?
11. , . 12. , . 13. . 14. . 15. , , . 16. -. 17. , , . 18. . 19. - . , . 20. .
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21. . 22. , , . 23. , . 24. , ? 25. ? 26. ? , . . 27. ? 28. , . 29. , . 30. .
*12. Criticize, using should/shouldnt, ought/oughtnt.
Model: Our teacher oughtnt to give us so much work.
1. The government ___ 2. The police ___ 3. The traffic police ___ 4. My parents ___ 5. Your dog ___ 6. Our neighbour ___ 7. Examiners ___ 8. Doctors ___ 9. My sisters boyfriend ___ 10. The Dean ___
Describe the unpleasant things you did because there was no other way out.
Model: I had to work hard yesterday.
1. At the exam ___ 2. Last summer ___ 3. The other day ___ 4. After the birthday party ___ 5. The day before yesterday ___ 6. After the conversation with the Dean ___ 7. Some years ago ___ 8. In my childhood ___ 9. Last June ___ 10. During my summer holidays ___
