Colloquial vocabulary.
Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.
Special colloquial vocabulary slang.
Slang- non-standard vocabulary composed of words characterized by extreme informality, not limited to a particular region and composed typically of changed words, extravagant figures of speech experiencing quick popularity and relatively rapid decline into disuse.
-everything that is below the standard of present Eng, distorted words
New words or words employed in some special sense
Erick Partribge. Dic of slang.prominent eng linguist.
-beans,brass,dibs,dough,chink=money
Leggo,srge-,ive got a date-randevous 1957. Process of deslangonism takes place every day in the language.
-bread-basketch=stom, rot=nonsense, the cats pyjamas=the correct thing, to do a flit(c,)=to quit ones flat or lodgings at night without paying ur rent, to take stock in=be interested in,attach importance
Cant,jargon,argot(French)
A word kid penetrated a common-colloq voc already,neutral word.
Controversial problem of slang. Jargonisms n professionalisms- not distinct border.
Slangish words mostly used in emotive prose.
Slang-made only by native ppl. Englishmen wont understand the American slang.
Slang highly praised as vivid, richer in vocabulary.
Yer-her.Frisco-San Francisco.Den-then.wise-sensible.swiled-descarded,left.de-the.
Decipher-decode.
Grammatical,lexical,spelling,phonetical distortions.-the language is more flexible n picturesque-the writers say.
The term slang has become jerk of all trades( ) and master of none.
Slang is very ambiguous)
Jargonisms
Jargon stands for a group of words that exists almost in every language and which aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group.
Jargonisms are old words, but with an entirely new meaning imposed on them.
Traditional meaning is immaterial, only the new meaning plays some role. Most of the jargonisms r practically incomprehensible for those outside the group. They may be defined as a code within a code.
Grease-money,loaf-head, a tiger hunter-gambler in LV, a lexer-a student preparing for a law course.
Jargonisms are social in character, they are no social ones.
Jargon of thieves and killers known as cant, jazz ppl,military,sportsmen,journalists,
Piou-piou=French soldier in the infrantry
Dar(damn average very perseveering,hard-working student()
Soap and flannel=bread and cheese(navy)
Man and wife=a knife(cant- )
Brass-money ().
Slang needs no translation fort he native speakers in comparison to jargonisms, it is not s secrete code. Words are easily understood, regarded as below the standard.
Jargonisms migrate into other social strata and sometimes become recognized in the literary language of the nation.
Fan,queer,bluff-,. Humbug-, sham-ppl pretend to be
Former jargon,now dejargonised and simply highly colloquial.
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PROFESSINALISMS
Words used in a definite trade or profession by people connected by common interest both at work and at come. They commonly designate some working process or labour activity.
In this way prof. are correlated to terms, but terms define a new phenomena, whereas prof. name already existing notions anew without coining a new term.
Prof dont allow any polisemy,very monosemantic.
Tin-fish=submarine,block-buster, a piper-a specialist who decorates cakes with the crème with the help of the pipe, a midder case-midwivery case-helps woman in labour when the woman gives birth to a child(a), outer-block-out(boxers), to crane-to stretch out a neck (in hunting- )
Prof facilitate a quick and adequate response and understanding of the meaning.
Short,loaded,covered,bulls and bears
Obit-obituary ().ub-freshman(). Scoop-.legman-.
DIALECTAL WORDS
Remain beyond the literary boundary of the Eng language and are local in character. Are confined to a locality.
Scottish and Northern dialects
Lad, lass-young girl, cutty-naughty girl or boy, hinny-honey, tittie-sister,maister-master,eneugh-enough, naething-nothing
Southern dialect
Volk,vound-wound,zee-see,zinking
VULGAR WORDS
Used to single out a definite group of words of non-standard English. Are rather misleading.
Words or names employed in an ordinary speech common familiar and generally widely dissiminated. indecent and indelicate.
-swear words: hell,bloody
-obscene words (taboo)
Ways of avoiding them-to use more technical terms, part-spell the item, euphemisms().
Push up the daisies-to be dead(he is not with us).under the weather-to be ill,casket-, after a long illness-cancer, not all there-kuku,be economical with the truth-he lies, little girls room-toilet, adult video-porno, let you go-to sack., industrial action-on strike, in the family way-pregnant,tired and emotional-drunk,spend a penny.
High-profile officials prefer to use euphemisms.
Lecture 4
1. Phonetic Stylisticdevices
Onomatopoea -combination that secures the imitation of natural sounds.
Alliteration aims at imparting a melodic effect to the audience by repeating certain sounds.
Siver bells.How they tinkle, tinkle,tinkle.
Deep into the darkness peering. Long I stood here wondering,fearing prompts the feeling of anxiety.
Used also in proverbs(blind as a bat),titles of books(tit for tat).
To rob Peter to pay Paul.
Produces a rhyme and rhythm, which catches the attention of the reader.
Rhyme ()-repeteation of the consonants at the end of the line, rhythm-repeatition of such elements(beat,accent) in alternation with some opposite elements.
Used in verse and emotive prose.
2. Lexical SDs
- Metaphor -imposition() of two meanings in the word(dictionary and contextual meaning)
Contextualtransferred meaning. Clash of meanings.
Metaphor is based on the identification () of two meanings in the word simultaneously. Some quality is transferred from one meaning to another.
Grasp, get, see. Transferred meaning-I understand.
When two meanings are realized simultaneously a metaphor becomes a stylistic device.
The leaves fell sorrowfully.
Dear nature is the kindest mother still. (Bayron)
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Metaphor is a power means of creating imagery.
Genuine (fresh) metaphors -a true stylistic device.
Used by writers, journalists,orators.
Years steal fire from the mind vigour from the limb
Lifes enchanted Cup lies near the brim
The dictionary meaning is always retained.
Dead(trite)cliches.
Shadow cabinet.Political light, in the spotlight.International arena,scene,arms race, it struck me,on the one hand, on the other hand.
- METONYMY -based on the association() connecting the two concepts. A sort of a link between the objects.
rown stands for king or queen. A hand-a help. Woolsack-in Brit Parliament,where the Chancellor of the Exchequer sits.Wool-prosperity of England. Cup-glass,denotes the content not only the container. Press-he had a good press for his literary work(press coverage,opinion of journalists). The bench-term for justice and magistrates. Cradle-infancy, childhood. The grave stands for death.
She was Preceded by a cocked hat() and a red collar.(by a man wearing..)
The moustache and I had nothing in common.-.
In metaphor one image excludes the other.
Sky lamb of the night-the moon.(metaphor).we perceive only one object.
In metonymy one object doesnt exclude the other object.
Cassification of metonymy (based on the type of relations)
- A concrete theme used instead of an abstract notion.
The camp(housing,), the pulpit(church) and the law for rich mens sons are free.
- The container instead of the thing contained.
The hall applauded.(not the audience or ppl).
- The material instead of the thing made of it.
The marble spoke( )
- The instrument which the doer uses in performing the action instead of the action or the doer himself.
You are a very good whip.
As the sword is the worst argument that can be used,should it be the last.
- IRONY -based on simultaneous realization of two meanings used in opposition to each other.
The word containing an irony has an emphatic stress, strongly marked by intonation, generally supplied with a special melody design.
It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in ones pocket.
Delightful-positive dictionary meaning,but in case of irony quite negative.
How clever of you=how stupid of u. Sarcastic effect, full of sarcasm.
I like the parliamentary debate, particularly when it is not too late. I like the taxes when they are not too many.
- EPITHET -not such a strong sd as compared. very delicate and subtle in nature. Conveys the subjective attitude of the writer to some concepts or phenomena. SD based on the interplay of emotive n logical meanings in an attributive word, phrase or even sentence.
Aim of giving subjective perceptions of the objects. Evaluative,subjective SD.
Gree meadows,white snow,round table,blue sky-logical adjectives.
Formidable ways(),wild wind,loud ocean, heart-burning smile, destructive charm, glorious sight. Denotes the attitude of the author.
Scientific prose, press.
Semantically epithets are devided into:
-associated
Carefull attention, dreary midnight ().
-unassociated
Add a feature not inherent to the word,some alien elements.
Bootless cries, hart-burning smile, voiceless sand()
Structurally:
-simple
adjectives
-compound
Heart-burning smiles,sylph-like figure,cloud-shapen giant.
It is this do-it-your-self, go-it-alone attitude
Focal point-central. Thats-the-story-what-are-going-to-do attitude
-phrase
-sentence
- OXYMORON()- a combination of two words(adj+noun,adverb+adj), in which the meaning of the two clash being irony itself.
Low skyscraper,sweet sorrow, pleasantly ugly face, horribly beautiful
Fossible combination of two non-combinative words.
The plainest beauties, proud humility, peopled desert, fanaticism of knowledge.
Lecture 5
- Simile (,)-SD based on the intensific of a certain feature of with the aim of finding similiarities.
To use a simile is to characterize one object by bringing it into contact with another object-new class of things.
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Doesnt equal comparison(1 class of things). Simile-different classes of things.
They forcibly set one object against the other regardless of the fact that they may be completely alien to each other. They hv a low degree of predictability, while comparisons hv a very high one.
Can be based on Adj attribute, verb\predicate relations.
As, like, such, as if, seems
the countryside seems to fade from its loveliness
Labor leaders like cautious father.
Genuine, fresh VS. hackneyed,trite
Busy as a bee, blind as a bat, to fly like a bird swim like a duck, be as hungry as a wolf,proud as a peacock,as sly as a fox.
2d component-adverbial intensifier, the logical meaning is hardly perceived.
- Hyperbole (haip)-deliberate exaggeration of a feature essential to the object or phenomenon. In its extreme form exaggeration is carried to an illogical degree.
He was so tall that I wasnt sure if he had a face.
It is a rare bird that can fly to the middle of the Dnipr
A thousand patterns, I am scared to death, I am immensely obliged to you. I would give the world to see him.
A mere exaggeration h. differs in such a way that it Is meant to be understood as exaggeration. Sharpens the readers ability to make a logical/emotional assessment of the utterance. It evokes the thought n the feelings.
Litotes (laitotiz)-diminishing sth. Not bad(poor), not a little surprised (greatly), not an easy task(very difficult)
Softening device,not say straightforward.
- Cliches -expression which has become very hackneyed and trite. Has lost its originality n impact by its long overuse.
Jerk of all trades, the test of time, part and parcel(inalienable part), to let bygones be bygones, the march of sience, to grow by leaps and bounds.
On the one hand the language should be rich,expressive,original,and on the other hand it should use linguistics units requiring little effort to decode it.
Characteristic of newspaper style.
To arrive at a communicative effect of the author.
- PhRaseological Units -Set phrases with a total or partial transformation of its meaning.
Features-Semantic integrity, language stability and structural separation.
A.Kunin. Rus-eng phraseological dic.
Often use simile, repetitions, antonyms-imagery.
A man of mark, the man of the hour, to see double(not distinctly), after us the deluge(flood), neither fish no flesh, god bless you, milk and honey ( , )
Some also include prOverbs and sayings in phrase units-set expressions.
- PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
Special dictionaries. Typical features: rhythm, rhyme, alliteration.
Proverbs-brief statements showing in a condensed form a life experience of the community. Usually didactic and image bearing, mainly characterized by their brevity(not long).A natural way in which speech develops. Semantic aspect remains the main feature distinguishing it from ordinary utterances. In many cases literary meaning is transferred by the transferred one. Together with catch words( ) they may be used not in their fixed form but with some modifications.
The milk is spilt(its no use crying over spilt milk-original).
U know which side the law is buttered (the bread is buttered on both sides)
Proof of the pudding (is in its eating)
East or West-home is best. Where is a will, theres a way. No pains no gains. Nothing ventured nothing gained.
- Catchwords -always know the sources or guess about it. A lot of them originate from the Bible or Shakespeare.
The applen of ones eye( ). The golden calf. Man shall not live by bread alone. Forbidden fruit. The promised land ( ). of two evils chose the least.
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- QUOTATIONS ()- the exact reproduction of an actual utterance made by a certain order.
Writers use them to be authoritative.
Marked off by dashes(-), inverted comas,italics or other graphical means.
Comprises two meanings: primary n contexrual (Stylistic value of the quotations).
In a new environment the quotation can assume a new shade n modify the original meaning.
like a youth picking up shells by the great ocean-Truth Byron
all is rarity
Lecture 6 12/11/11
Syntactical stylistic devices.
Syntax- Sinews of the language (). Studies the types of relations between words and word combinations.
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