. : , , .
:
, ,
1 +1.
() , () . , , .
= 0 | _ | |
0 < < 1 | X | |
-1<<0 | X , | |
= 1 |
.
, , . , .
,
, , .
, , .
1. :
- , {
- ,
. - -1,0 < < + 1,0.
2. , , . . . ( ), :
b | a+b | |
c | d | c+d |
a+c | b+d | n |
a, b,c,d,-
n-
:
:
3. , , :
|
|
,
- ;
- 1.
1 - () :
2 - () .
1, . (. 9.7).
:
\ | I | II | III | |
I | nxy | nx | ||
II | nx | |||
III | nx | |||
ny | ny | ny | n |