, . , , , .
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(. 8.1 ) , , . 8.1 .
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.8.1.
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( , . , , , , . , , .
, . , , , . (, , .), , , . .
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, , ( ) ; - ( ) .
() , , ( , , ) .
, . . , , , . -. . . . - .
- .
( ) , ( ) , , . , , ; ; - , ; , .
, .
, ( ) , , . .
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- (t > t t < t) ( < > ). () ( t > t) . , , , (t < t; ), , , . , () . , . - () , . ( ), ( ). , .
(, , , ) , .
, , () ,
(8.9)
h , ;
, , /3;
g = 9,81 /2 .
, .
, . , , , , .
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(), , .
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( 3 , ) , , .
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. 8.2. () - ()
, , , . , - , .
, , ; 50 ( ), 200 , , , ( , ).
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C . : 75,6% , 23,1% , 0,05% (, , .). , , , /3,
, (8.10)
p , ;
R =287 /(∙) ;
, .
0 :
, (8.11)
-20 +50 ρ = 1,293 /3; = 1,005 /(∙); = 1,3 /(3∙).
() , /, t, C
, (8.12)
p, . .
, - ,
, (8.13)
R = 461 /(∙) .
-20 +50 = 1,807 /(∙).
, /,
, (8.14)
t , .
. P p , . .
. (8.15)
D , 1 3 . (/3 /3)
. (8.16)
( ) ρ .
φ , . .
. (8.17)
. (8.13), :
, (8.18)
.
d , 1 , / :
, (8.19)
G G V.
:
; (8.20)
, (8.21)
.
(2.6) (2.9)
, (8.22)
(8.23)
, , / :
. (8.24)
(8.25)
G .
(2.10), (2.15), (2.16) (2.25) ρ, /3 :
, (8.26)
ρ .
(8.26) , . - p d (8.22), :
. (8.27)
1 1 . V, V c V . υ, 3/ , :
, (8.28)
, (8.29)
, .
, 1 , 3/ ,
υB = 1/ρ.
, /(∙),
(8.30)
1 . ( d= 0) 0 . . , / :
(8.31)
, , . . . .
I d , 1918 . . . . . I d (. 8.3) 135. I, / , Od d, / . O 1 d = 0 t =0 I=0. I =const, I =0, , I = 0 .
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.8.3. I d : I = const; φ = const
, = 1,013 (760 . .) =0,994 (745 . . .). t = const φ = const.
(8.31)
.
. t d 1 d 2 I 1 I 2, : 1 (d 1, I 1) 2 (d 2, I 2), , t= =const (. 8.3 ).
φ = const (. 8.3 ). φ = 0 d=0. φ =100 % , t 1, t 2 ... p 1, p 2. (8.22) d 1, d 2 .... , : 1 (d 1, I 1) 2 (d 2, I 2) . ., , φ =100 %. φ =100 % Id . , , . .
100 > φ > 0 % φ =100 % . φ = const φ = 100 %. t¢ 1, t¢2.... p¢ 1, p ¢2. (8.23) φ : d¢ 1, d¢ 2 ...
1 (t¢ 1, d¢ 1 ), 2 (t¢ 2, d¢ 2 ) . . φ = const.
I d (. 8.3 ).
p (8.22);
. (8.32)
d 1, d 2 ... (8.32) p1, p2... (d 1, p 1 ), (d 1 ,p 1 ) . ., .
, I d (. 8.3) : I, d, t φ. . .
I d tp t (. 8.4).
. I d tp ( ) d = const φ =100 % ( ). , , tp.
. I d t φ = 100 % ( ) ( , ) I = const, .
. 8.4. I d
I d , . . 8.5 1-2 , I 1, d 1( 1) I 2, d 2( 2 ).
, /,
. (8.33)
.
, . I = const (I 1= I 2), ε = 0. I d (. 8.5).
. 8.5. I d
, ε = - ∞ ( Δ I < 0 Δ d = 0) ε = +∞ ( Δ I > 0 Δ d = 0).
. , , .
- I d (. 8.6) d =const, . , .
- , . . . d =const , . AB 1(. 8.7).
. 8.6. I d
. 8.7. I d
, . I d CD, D t. . tE.
) )
.8.8. I d : j = 100%; j = 100%
, , , . . (. 8.8) Ga dA IA G dB IB. GB/GA=n , 1 . 1 :
(8.34)
(8.35)
I d .
(8.34), (8.35) :
. (8.36)
(8.36) , I, d. (. 8.8 ) ACD ;
, (8.37)
. . , .
, GA G B. (8.37)
,
. (8.38)
. (8.39)
, C 1(. 8.8 ) φ = 100 %. . φ = 100%. t, d, I I= const φ =100 % ( 2). Δ d.