. ..
..
..
.
2012
1. .. ȅ..3
2. ȅ.105
1. .
1. 00 6012 /. ? 00, 63,34 /∙.
.
ΔS.= =22,01
ΔS=ΔS-ΔS.=63,34-22,01=41,33 /∙
: 41,33 /∙
2. 56,20 213,31 /∙. 29090 /. 56,20 1 .
.
ΔS.=
:
3. CO2 -78,50 1 . 25230 /. ?
.
ΔS.=
:
4. 130 . 20,92 /. ?
.
ΔS.=
:
5. 95,50 1 . . 450 /. , 36,73 /∙
.
ΔS.= =1,22 /∙
: 1,22 /∙
6. 250 1 . 130,62 /∙. 1000 1 ., ()=28,85 /∙?
.
ΔS= = 6,47 /∙
ΔS1000C= ΔS250C+ ΔS=130,52+6,47=136,99 /∙
: 136,99 /∙
7. CO 25 1. 197,55 /∙. CO 200 50 ., , CO ?
.
ΔS=Cvln /∙
ΔS200= ΔS+ ΔS25=9,59+197,55=207,1 /∙
: 207,1 /∙
8. 127 27 , ()=29,2 /∙
:
ΔS=Cln =29,2ln =8,39 /∙
: 8,39 /∙
9. NH3 25 1 . 192,66 /∙. : ()= 29,80+25,48∙10-3T-1,67∙105T-2 /∙. 500 10 .?
|
|
.
ΔS= =29,80∙ln +25,48∙ (1,67 )=39,699
ΔS=39,699-8,314∙ln
ΔS500= ΔS+ ΔS25=20,55+192,66=213,21
: 213,21 /∙
10. 30 3 . 15 2 . .
.
ΔS=n (Cp ln )=2()=-23,49
: -23,49 /∙
11. , 26 , . 40 /∙. ?
:
ΔS=R ln
40=8,314ln
ln =4,81
V2=3191
: 3191
12. 11,2 0 100 1 0,01 . , .
.
ΔS=n (Cp ln )
n(N2)= =0,5
ΔS=0,5
: /∙
13. 200 5 . 500 , 10 . .
.
ΔS=nCp ln
ΔS=3,5∙8,314ln
: /∙
14. CdS -120 0, =54,0+3,8 ,/∙
.
:
15. 12 200 -40 6,0 H/ . , = 29,2 / ( ).
.
:
n= =
,
/∙
: /∙
16. 2 0 150 I , 2,255 /,
=30,13+11,3 103, / . 75,30 /
. :
1) 0 100;
2) 100;
3) 100 150.
n - . ,
:
:
17. 1 25 7270, 3210 6109 /. ()=22,22+0,0123T /∙, ()=29,83 /∙
.
25 727
Cd(.) Cd(.)
S1 S3
Cd(.) Cd(.)
321 S2 321
ΔS1=22,22
ΔS2=
ΔS3=29,83
ΔS= ΔS1+ ΔS2+ ΔS3=18,96-10,28+15,53=44,78 /∙
: 44,78 /∙
18. 72,13 /∙ =298,15 =1 . 850 , 800 31,0 /∙. NaCl :
|
|
()= 49,94+16,32∙10-3T /∙
()=66,53 /∙
.
298,150K 8500
NaCl () NaCl(.)
NaCl(.) NaCl(.)
8000 8000
ΔS1=49,94 / ∙
ΔS2= / ∙
ΔS3=66,53 /∙
ΔS850=ΔSNaCl+ ΔS1+ ΔS2+ ΔS3=72,13+71,49+28,89+3,03=175,53 /∙
: 175,53 /∙
19. 1 -7,32 100 , 10544 /, 30710 /, 59 . :
()= 75,71 /∙
()= 37,20+0,71∙10-3T-1,19∙105T-2/∙
.
265,60K 2730K
Br(.) Br(.)
Br(.) Br(.)
3320K 3320K
ΔS.= /∙
ΔS1=75,71
ΔS2= /∙
ΔS3=37,20
ΔS=16,91+92,46+4,135=113,51 /∙
: 113,51 /∙
20. 25 1 . 173,26 /∙. 500 1 ., 80,1 30752 /. :
()= 59,50+255,0 ∙10-3T /∙
()= -21,09+400,1∙10-3T-169,9∙10-6T-2 /∙
.
ΔS.(500)=
ΔS()=59,50∙ ln ∙(353,25-298,15)=24,16
ΔS()= -2109∙ ln ∙(773,15-353,25)- =111,282
ΔS=173,26+87,05+24,16+111,282=395,752 /∙
: 395,752 /∙
21. 1 , 180 . 1356 , Δ.H1356 K=12970 /. : =22.64+6,28∙ , /∙
= 31,38 /∙
.
1176 K Cu() Cu()
1356Cu() Cu()
T=1082,85-180=902,85 =1176 K
ΔS1=31,38 ln /∙
ΔS2=- /∙
ΔS3=22,64 ln /∙
ΔS= ΔS1+ ΔS2+ ΔS3=4,469+(-9,565)+(-4,355)=-9,45 /∙
ΔS=
Q=-12970+((22,64∙(-180)+3,14∙
ΔS=
ΔS=10,91-9,45=1,46 /∙
: 1,46 /∙
22. -50 . -39 , 2340 /. : ()=29,71+6,69∙ , /∙
()= 26,9 /∙
.
ΔS1=26,9 ln /∙
ΔS2=- /∙
ΔS3=29,71 ln /∙
ΔS=-1,5-9,99+1,29=-10,20 /∙
: -10,20 /∙
23. 1 . 1 . 20 , 3 . 100 . , , .
.
ΔS=nRln
:
24. 5 , 278.68 , 2,351 /.
.
- , . 5 ,
:
25. 2 0 100 1 ., 2,255 /. 75,30/( ).
|
|
.
: ) 0 100 ; ) . , AS ) ):
)
)
:
26. I l 25 600 , : = 20,945 + 0,010728 . (/( )).
.
:
:
27. 63,5 , 12980 /. 1083 .
.
n(u)=
ΔS=n
: 9,57
28. 100 , 327,4 , 5485 /.
.
m(Pb)=100
T=327,4
Q=5485 /
n(Pb)=
:
29. : - 2,8 , 4 . , . .
.
n(Ar)=
n(
ΔS= =0,1
:
30. 1 1,013 105 10,13 105.
.
ΔS=nRln
:
31. 100 25 150 1,013 105 . , 100 2257 / , - 4,187 /( ), 1,013 105 1,968 /( ).
.
Δ
:
32. 3 0,0336 3 2,026 105 0,0672 3 1,013 105 . 29,37 /( ), .
.
=20,785
ΔS=n
:
33. 1 0 100 ( ), 4,19 /( ).
.
:
34. 5 0 -100 .
0,8129 /( ).
.
:
35. 1 0 80,4 ( ), 149,6 /, 1,315 /( ).
.
ΔS=
:
36. 1 (5,49 ) (80,2 ). 126,54 /, 396 /, 1,94 /( ).
.
ΔS=
ΔS= =159,2/( )\
: 159,2/( )
37. 0,30 53 . 25 .
|
|
.
:
/ ∙ / ∙. : -0,058 -0,108 /.
:
0,30 -
/
-
/
:
/
: /
38. 1 268 , 278 , ,, , P=const=1,01∙
.
,
(VII,5), - (VII.14).
:
39. 870 .
.
(VII. 15)
, , , , .
AgCl
(
:
40. 3 3 28 , 32 . . .
.
/
: /
41. ΔS 1 300 10000 . = 6,4492 + 1,4125 · 10-3 0,807 · 10-7 2.
.
ΔS=
·0-1·-1.
: ·0-1·-1.
42. . .
.
Δ /≈21 , Δ≈·21=353·21=7400
7220 .
: 7400
43. , ΰ = 1 , 200 3 . 332,2 ∙-1, 100 2259 ∙-1. 1,87 ∙-1 ∙-1, - 4,184 ∙-1 ∙-1.
.
∙-1
∙-1
∙-1
∙-1
∙-1
: S= 306,32 ∙-1.
44. 0,13 , 0.4 3. 17 1,013∙105 /2. =const. .
.
.
ΔS=2,3∙8,314
:
45. 2 =101,3∙ =1,013∙ .
.
(111,6) =const
ΔS=-2∙8,314∙2,3lg
:
46. 200 50,67∙105 /2, 25 1,013∙105 /2 197,9 /∙,
= 28,41+4,10∙10-3T 0,46∙105T2 /∙ .
.
/∙
: /∙
47. I ∙ 25 727, 321 6109 /∙
= 22,22+ 12,30∙ T /∙;
= = 29,83 /∙.
.
ΔS1=22,22
ΔS2=
ΔS3=29,83
ΔS= ΔS1+ ΔS2+ ΔS3=18,96-10,28+15,53= 44,78 /∙
: 44,78 /∙
48. , 38,28 /∙, 1 , 0,02 3, .
.
ΔS=nRln
38,28=1∙8,314ln
: 2 3
49.
10 0,05 3 1,013∙105 /2 0,2 3 0,2133∙105 /2 ?.
.
n(Kr)=0,1193
:
50. 1 80 0,4053∙105 1,013∙105 /2 60. 80; 30,88 /; 1,799 /∙.
|
|
.
/∙
/∙
/∙
/∙
: /∙
51. 1 , 25, 111,8 . 111,8 8234,0 / =35,79 /∙. , . . . 10%.
.
/∙
/∙
/∙
A=-143,11
: -108,75; -143,11
52. - 1 25 100, 393,3 / 80,2, () = 136,1 /∙, () = - 33,90 + 471,87∙ -298,34∙ + 70,84∙ /∙.
.
Δ
Δ
ΔS= Δ
: 107
53. 1 r2. 7,32, 61,55;
() = 0,4477 /∙; 67,72 /; 182,8 /.
.
Δ
Δ
Δ
ΔS= Δ
:
54. 1 300 800 , ()= 22,3+10,64∙10-3T-0,42∙105T-2, /∙
.
ΔS= ( - /∙
: /∙
55. 1 25 10000: ) ; ) . =27,88+4,27∙10-3T /∙
.
)ΔS= )=40,47+4,16325=44,64 /∙
) Cp-Cv=R
Cv= Cp-R=27,88+4,27∙10-3T-8,314=19,566+4,27∙10-3T
ΔS= )=28,4+4,16325=32,56 /∙
: 44,64 /∙; 32,56 /∙
56. 1 20 70 , 24 28,1 ?
.
ΔS=n
:
57. 0 - 200 0.486 /( ). 1 o 100 150 .
.
:
58. 1 (327,4 ) 800 . 24,8 /, 327 - 1000 0,1415 /( ).
.
ΔS=
:
59. 16 2 273 373:
1) ;
2) .
.
1)
n(2)=16000/32=500 ()
ΔS=(5/2)∙n∙R∙ ln(T2/T1);
ΔS=5/2∙500∙8,314∙ ln(373/273)=3243,6 /.
2)
ΔS=(5/2)∙n∙R∙ ln(T2/T1)+R;
ΔS=(5/2)∙500∙8,314∙ln(373/273)+8,314=4539,4 /.
: 3243,6; 4539,4 /.
60. 58,82 23 298 700, 23 0=36,5525+106,345*10-3 /(*).
.
n(23)=58820/70=840,3 ()
ST=∫T1T2((T)/T)dT=∫700298=(36,5525+106,345∙103/T/T)dT=840,3∙(36,5525ln(700/298)+106,345∙10-3∙840,3(700-298))=26230,2622+35923,40481=62153,7 /.
: 62153,7 /.
61. 429,8, 241,9∙103 /. 10 .
.
n(C6H5Br)=10/157=0,0637 ,
S=0,0637∙241,9∙103∙ln(429,8/273)=6993,4 (/)
: 6993,4 (/)
62. 12∙10-3 (12 ) 290 233 1,01∙105 60,6∙105 , =32,9 /(∙).
.
n(2)=12/32=0,375 ;
S1=0,375∙32,9∙ln(233/290)=-2,7 /(∙)
S2=0,375∙32,9∙ln(60,6∙105 /1,01 ∙105)=50,51 /(∙)
S=50,51- 2,7=47,81 /(∙)
: 47,81 /(∙).
63. 1 -77 25 . t = -38,9 11,58 -1; = 0,138 -1 -1,
= 0,140 - 2,86 10 -6 -1 -1. 200,6.
.
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
: S = 21,56 -1 -1.
64. , 0,0112 3 0 50. 1,013∙105 1,013∙103 /2. 29,29 /∙.
.
n=p 1V 1/RT 1=0,499
:
65. 1 25 1073 , 800, 516,7 /. () = 45,96+ 16,32∙ /∙.
.
Δ
Δ
:
66. 1 25 100, 514,6 /, 56,
()= 125 /∙, () = 22,47 + 201,8∙ 63,5∙ /∙.
.
Δ
ΔS= Δ
:
67. 2 25 100, 3 1100,4 /, 64,7 , () = 81,56 /∙
()= 15,28+ 105,2∙10 -3T31,04∙ /∙.
.
/∙.
: /∙.
68. 1 25 100, 25 863,6 /,