.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


(HCP)

1945-55.

́ ́, ́ (, ), , .

(, , , ..). . , .

, (-, , ), .

- , , , . ( ).

1.2 (/ ) 1955-1965

́ (. transistor), , , . , . , .

. . ( , , . .). () ( BJT, bipolar junction transistor). (, ,, , . .), , , .

1956 . , .

VT Q. 1970- . һ, ϻ ( ) һ ( ).

1.3. () 1965-1970. ́ () ́ (, , /, . integrated circuit, IC, microcircuit), , ́ (. microchip, silicon chip, chip ) (), ( ) , , . [1]

́ .

() , (, ) , . - ( ).

1970-1980.

() 10000 ,

1.5. + 1980-

() 10 .

(HCP)

20 , ( : , ), . ( , , - ). , .

, . 20 . - (High-performance computing). .

, , . . :

1.

2.

SMP, MPP .

(. Symmetric Multiprocessing, SMP) , . SMP.

SMP- , ; SMP- , . , , ; . SMP , .

- (. massive parallel processing, MPP, - ) . , .

(. node), , , , -. . .

, , . - :

(front-end), , .

, UNIX- , .

.

, . (flops) , -, web-. , , , . , , Linux, Ethernet, Myrinet, InfiniBand . Beowulf. ( . HPC Cluster High-performance computing cluster). ( . HPC) TOP500. .[1]



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