1945-55.
́ ́, ́ (, ), , .
(, , , ..). . , .
, (-, , ), .
- , , , . ( ).
1.2 (/ ) 1955-1965
́ (. transistor), , , . , . , .
. . ( , , . .). () ( BJT, bipolar junction transistor). (, ,, , . .), , , .
1956 . , .
VT Q. 1970- . һ, ϻ ( ) һ ( ).
1.3. () 1965-1970. ́ () ́ (, , /, . integrated circuit, IC, microcircuit), , ́ (. microchip, silicon chip, chip ) (), ( ) , , . [1]
|
|
́ .
() , (, ) , . - ( ).
1970-1980.
() 10000 ,
1.5. + 1980-
() 10 .
(HCP)
20 , ( : , ), . ( , , - ). , .
, . 20 . - (High-performance computing). .
, , . . :
1.
2.
SMP, MPP .
(. Symmetric Multiprocessing, SMP) , . SMP.
SMP- , ; SMP- , . , , ; . SMP , .
- (. massive parallel processing, MPP, - ) . , .
(. node), , , , -. . .
|
|
, , . - :
(front-end), , .
, UNIX- , .
.
, . (flops) , -, web-. , , , . , , Linux, Ethernet, Myrinet, InfiniBand . Beowulf. ( . HPC Cluster High-performance computing cluster). ( . HPC) TOP500. .[1]