Edgar Hoover
John Edgar Hoover was born in 1885. He was a native of Washington, D.C. He went to school there and then to George Washington University where he studied law. As a student he was brilliant and had a great choice after graduating from the University. But Hoover got a job in the Department of Justice. Very soon they sent him to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. That was in 1924 when J.E. Hoover was forty. For many years he was the head of the FBI and made it the world's greatest law enforcement organization. He opened a technical and scientific laboratory, identification division, set up a lot of training schools.] He was also the initiator of the National Police Academy where he taught as the chief instructor. John Hoover had a photographic mind: he called agents by their first names, he remembered all investigations and their results. He said: «The main task of the FBI is the protection o| people against crime». As to his personal life, he had no time to get! married. When he was not busy with his service in the FBI, he usually' went fishing or hunting. Hoover played tennis very well. He also like good music.
Read text «C» and give a brief summary of the text in Russian. The following words will help you understand the text:
1. miscellaneous services — разнообразные услуги
2. fail to solve the crime — не раскрывает преступление
3. criminalistics technician — эксперт-криминалист
4. preliminary — предварительный
5. to arrive at the crime scene — прибыть на место преступления
6. providing aid — оказание помощи
7. to secure the crime scene — оградить (обезопасить) место преступления
8. the follow-up investigation — дальнейшее расследование
9. available — имеющийся в распоряжении (в наличии)
10. interrogation — допрос
11. interview — опрос
12. witness — свидетель
13. search — осмотр
14. modus operandi — модус операнди, способ действия, «почерк» (преступника)
15.
Text "С".
The Most Glamourous (эффектный) Aspect of Police Work
The basic responsibility of the police is to fight crime, maintain order, and provide miscellaneous services to trie public. Patrol remains the basic manner in which police services are delivered to the public.
Criminal investigation is the most glamorous aspect of policing. Most police officers regard detective work as «real» police work. Detective work has a specific mission: apprehending the offender. The quality of work can also be measured in terms of the number of arrests. This contrasts sharply with patrol duty, which largely involves peace-keeping. Good detectives are believed to be able to solve most crimes, so the citizen-victim becomes angry when the police fail to solve the crime he or she suffered from.
The process of investigating a crime involves several different steps performed by at least three different uaits within the police department: patrol officers, detectives, criminalistics technicians. The two major stages of the investigation process are the preliminary investigation and the follow-up investigation.
The preliminary' investigation is normally the responsibility of the patrol officer who is the first to arrive at the scene of the crime. The five major responsibilities include:
1) arresting any suspect or suspects,
2) providing aid to any victims,
3) securing the crime scene to prevent loss of evidence,
4) collecting all relevant physical evidence, and
5) preparing a preliminary report
Once the responding officer has completed the preliminary investigation, the case is assigned to the detective bureau for the follow-up investigation. In all but the smallest departments, the detective unit is separate from the patrol unit. The smallest departments have no separate detective unit. Medium-sized departments have a separate detective unit but detectives handle all types of crime here. Larger departments specialize according to a type of crime (e.g., crimes against person, crimes against property).
Technical specialists in investigation are normally located in a separate administrative unit. They are available upon request to assist detectives in the follow-up investigation. Only the larger police departments are able to maintain their own criminalistics specialists.
The follow-up investigation includes the following steps:
1) interrogation of suspect or suspects, if arrested at the scene of the crime;
2) interview of witnesses;
3) search of the crime scene for physical evidence;
4) modus operandi review to determine, if the crime is similar to others under investigation or resembles crimes committed by known suspects;
5) development of additional information from informants, contacts, official records, etc.;
6) preparation of reports.
To obtain information about suspected criminal activity, the police make use of informants. Persons who are either criminals themselves or who associate with criminals are extremely valuable sources of information. Police officers seek to develop a list of informants.
Ex. 6. Give a written translation of the text:
Interpol
Interpol is an international corporation founded in 1923 as a service organization devoted to coordinating actions against international criminals. Its clients are 174 agencies throughout the world. This organization is not under the control or supervision of any government.
Interpol is a recognized intergovernmental police force whose task is to hunt down the international criminal. A multinational force, much like the United Nations, Interpol is made up of police of the Free World and a bona fide law enforcement agency in its own right. Among the first to fight international terrorism and sky-jackings, Interpol still leads the war on narcotics, assists a number of nations in the continuing search for wanted Nazi war criminals. One of the most highly respected groups in the world, Interpol, like any other police force is under governmental control to safeguard the basic rights of every citizen. It operates according to a strict code of behaviour and adheres to the highest ethical standards.
Interpol has never been recognized or established by any international charter or treaty and has no police powers. Because of Interpol's cooperation with the UN particularly in the area of drugs, Interpol was recognized as an intergovernmental organization.
Interpol members are, for the most part, police and not governmental representatives, although certain governments have sent observers from their military, intelligence, customs, post office, and immigration departments.
Interpol does not have powers of arrest or any investigative rights. Its function is to disseminate information. Today 80 percent of the permanent staff is French. Interpol is much like any large corporation with bureaus in various countries and with representatives from these offices also stationed at the main office. Information is exchanged between the many national bureaus, but the police forces themselves are subject to the laws and policies of their respective nations.
Interpol is divided into four main bodies — the General Assembly, the Executive Committee, the General Secretariat and the National Central Bureaus.
The General Assembly is composed of the delegates from each member country. It is «the Supreme Authority». The General Assembly controls the policy of the organization.
The Executive Committee is a nine-member board made-up of the president, two vice-presidents, and six delegates chosen by the General Assembly.
The General Secretariat, the permanent body, located in Lion, is Interpol's business division. It contains the «permanent departments» four of which specialize in certain crimes: one handles murder, burglary, assault, larceny, car theft, and missing persons; another deals with bank frauds and other types of embezzlement; a third with drug traffic and morals offenses; and a fourth deals with forgery and counterfeiting.
Other divisions are the general records department, where files are kept, and a special records department, where fingerprints and other methods of identification are used.
The National Central Bureaus are the Interpol offices in various countries. Each NCB is empowered to communicate directly with and exchange information with any other NCB.
Ex. 7. Read the text and answer the questions, then speak on the topic:
The Work of Militia
Our militia was created by the working people to protect their rights. The officers of our militia have always displayed courage and heroism in the fight against enemies of our state during the Great Patriotic War as well as in the years of peaceful construction.
The main aim of militia has always been to maintain public order, to protect state and personal property and safeguard the rights of our citizens. Nowadays great attention in the work of militia is paid to prevention of crime, to its suppression. But if a crime has been committed, the militia officers are to solve the crime as quickly as possible. To fulfil these tasks the organs of internal affairs are composed of different departments.
The Criminal Detection Department is one of the most complicated militia services. The main responsibility of the officer of the Criminal Detection Department is to detect the criminal, that is to locate and apprehend him. In many, cases the detective must trace a fugitive who is hiding.
The officers of the Criminal Investigation Department collect facts to prove the guilt or innocence of the suspect. The final test of a criminal investigation is in presentation of evidence in court. Corpus delicti must be established, the defendant must be identified and associated with the crime scene. The investigator must also provide competent witnesses.
Economic Crimes Department fights against those who don't want to live an honest life. The responsibility of the officers of this Department is to reveal the criminal activity of those who commit embezzlement and other economic crimes, bring them to justice.
The State Auto-Inspection is responsible for traffic regulation and safety on the roads.
The Transport Militia maintains law and order on the railway, air lines and water ways of the country.
The Juvenile Inspection handles «difficult» juveniles and their careless parents. They also do much work to prevent juvenile delinquency.
The Correctional System is supposed to rehabilitate offenders through labour. This is the purpose of correctional establishments.
A new service for the fight against organized crime has been created in our militia. Organized crime operates on fear, bribery and force. Militia officers of organized crime department are devoting their efforts to collect sufficient evidence to bring gang leaders to justice.
Questions to the text
1. What is our militia created for?
2. How did the militia work during the history of its existence?
3. What is the aim of militia's activity?
4. What departments is militia composed of?
5. What is the main responsibility of the Criminal Detection Department?
6. What are the duties of the officers of the Criminal Investigation Department?
