. . , , Leonardo da Vinci Verne " ". , . , 1964, .
, . , - , , . , , , , , .
, , , , . - ( 3,300 )
hull1 . versatility2 - rotor3 - screws4. , .
, breakthrough5, - system6. "" , "". 120 . , , .
. , 21,000 . -resistant . . .
, , , . , .
|
|
" " H. . " ". ' . .
, , . provide1 , hardest . , , , . unamenable2 .
- magic3. : 20- - -, . , . . , , . , . . , , , route4.
. , . , , , , . , , .
, , , . nearer , , . effect5, - , , , . , time6 .
|
|
V.L. Ginz-burg . breakthroughs1 , . . , , . . 1911 , K. Onnes, 1913 . resistivity , 4 Kelvin (-269 C). , 0 K. . , superconducting . , . 50 K. Onnes' . 1950 Landau Ginzburg . , . , 1957 -ory , 1972 . 1986 IBM2 Zurich. , above3 23 K. . , 1987 Paul Chu : 98 K . 100 K ( , ), . , , . , . . , . , . . , . ing , .