(The noun)
1. , . , :
- who is this? ( ?) what is this ( ?);
- dog ();
- river (), peace ();
- courage (), engineer ();
- news ().
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
(proper nouns):
Peter () Moscow ();
Smith (), the Volga ();
Saturday ();
"New Times" ( , );
.
(common nouns):
snow () school ()
kindness () friendship ()
(concrete nouns):
Mary () table ()
cat () butter ()
iron ()
(abstract nouns):
kindness () meeting ()
idea (, ) summer ()
cold ()
(animate nouns):
Peter () dog () boy ()
(inanimate nouns):
river () table () iron ()
2. (Number)
: (singular) (plural).
-s -es, .
book () books ()
boy () boys ()
rain () rains ()
class () classes ()
[s] , [] [iz] s; ss [s]; sh [J]; ch, tch [tj]; x [ks]: books [buks], boys [boiz], rains [reinz], classes ['klcusiz].
-es :
) ,
s, ss, sh, ch, tch, x:
bus buses ( ) class classes ( ) bush bushes ( ) speech speeches ( ) match matches ( ) box boxes ( )
) , :
hero heroes ( )
potato potatoes ( )
tomato tomatoes ( )
: photo photos ( ) piano pianos ( ) zero zeros ( )
) , , ( i):
army armies ( )
) , f fe (f v):
leaf leaves ( ) shelf shelves ( ) half halves ( ) wife wives ( )
. . :
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man men (, , )
woman ['wumgn] women ['wimin] ( )
child children ( )
foot feet ( )
tooth teeth ( )
goose geese ( )
mouse mice ( )
sheep sheep ( )
deer deer ( )
crisis ['kraisis] crises ['kraistz] ( )
basis ['beisis] bases ['beisfcz] ( )
analysis [a'naelasis] analyses [a'naelasbz] ( )
phenomenon [fi'nominsn] phenomena [fi'namina] ( )
formula ['fomjula]formulae ['fomjuli:] ( )
, , , (countable nouns). , , (uncountable nouns).
:
) , : butter (), milk (), bread (), steel (); water ();
) : courage (), kindness (), honesty (), heat (), news (), information ();
) , , : scissors (), trousers (), spectacles ().
, (), () .
Kindness is a good quality.
.
, , (), .
(Case)
: (the common case) (the possessive case) .
. . , .
, , - , .
the engineer's work ( )
Mr. Sedov's documents ( )
s, ', .
-
the engineer the engineer's work ( )
[s] , [z] [iz] s, ss, sh, ch, tch, x: cat's, man's [maenz], boy's [baiz], actress's ['aektisiz], fox's ['foksiz].
, s, . .
the engineers the engineers' work
, s, s, .
the children () the children's books ( )
, , - , , of, the door of the room ( )
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, , , (), . .
1 -
| Electric power is used universally. | |
| I met Mr. Sedov at my friends'. | |
| Transmission lines are used as insulators. | |
| () | is an economist. |
| put his letters into the box. |
(The article)
the a (an). , , .
the, a (an) , , .
, , . . .
(The indefinite article)
, , an , : an experiment, a group.
, (, ) .
. "" , , , "", "-"
1 :
I Saw an unusual car in the strut. .
2. "there is" :
There is a theatre in our city. .
3. "what" :
What a day! !
4 :
I am not much of a singr.
5. :
I am a student.
(The definite article)
the , , .
the [6i:] , , [] , : the apple [Su'aepl], the plum ['1].
, () () , () () , .
There is a book on the shelf. Give me the book.
. () .
'book' . , , (). , : , , , .
It was very cold this winter. But I liked the winter. We skated and skied a lot.
. (. . ) . .
) It was a new house. The roof was red, the door was brown.
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. , .
'roof . .
,
:
The documents in my bag is very important.
the most, most "":
the most interesting book
most , most "", "", "":
a most interesting book ( ),
a most interesting idea .
: , , .
:
| 1. | Tom had a banana and an apple before lunch. The banana was not very ripe. | . . | |
| 2. | Moscow is the capital of Russia. | . | |
| 3. | ; sea, country, mountains | We go to the country on weekends. | . |
| 4. | one of, most of, 10 of . . | One of the students missed the class. | . |
| 5. | We need more services for the disabled. If a society cannot help the poor, it cannot save the rich. | . , . | |
| 6. | It's the most interesting movie of all times. | . | |
| 7. | , | The third stop will be the last. | . |
:
| 1. | Have you met any of the Shannons'? | ? |
| 2. , "union" "republic" | The United States of America The Commonwealth of Independent States (the CIS) The Netherlands, The Philippines | , (), , |
| 1. , , , | The Pacific The Mediterranean The Rhine The Bahamas | |
| 2. , | The Sahara The Alps | |
| 3. | We went to the South of France The Middle East | . |
| 4. , , | The Marriott The Wall Street Journal The Titanic |
:
1. :
| 1. | Books are expensive. Crocodiles live in rivers. | . . | |
| 2. | Knowledge is power. | . | |
| 3. | Snow is white. | . | |
| 4. | Where is Mom? | ? | |
| 5. | "some", "any", "every" . . | I bought 50 books. | 50 . |
2. :
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| Franklin Delano Roosevelt Australia Switzerland California New York Lake Ontario Oxford Street | - - |
(The adjective)
1. , .
a famous scientist ( ) an English book ( )
: (positive degree), (comparative degree) (superlative degree).
2.
(Degrees of comparison of adjectives)
-er, a
- -est:
| Small clever | Smaller cleverer | (the) smallest ( ) (the) cleverest ( ) |
, - (the) most, :
important - more important - (the) most important
- - , .
less - (the) least - : complex - less complex - (the) least complex - -
.
.
.
important - more important - (the) most important
- - , .
less - (the) least - : complex - less complex - (the) least complex - -
.
. .
| good () bad () much many () little () far () far () | better worse more less farther further | (the0 best (the) worst (the) most (the) least (the) farthest (the) furthest |
1. . farther, farthest , .. :
I live far. .
lives farther. .
2. further, furthest . Further ( -).
His further attempt.
() .
.
( ... ) - as... as:
This construction is as difficult as that one. , .
as... as , than :
not so... as ( ... ):
This construction is not so difficult as that one.
, .
3. .
much, (by) far, a great deal, , , , .
The Dnieper is much longer than the Thames. .
by far, , , .
This film is by far the most interesting compared with all the other films of the recent month. .
4. , the... the.
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, the... the , ... .
The sooner the-better. , .
The reaction proceeds the quicker the finer are the reactants divided.
, .
:
1. . . : . / .. . 2- ., . . - .: , 2008.
2. . . : . . / ... - .2-, .- .: . ., 2008.
3. English for Computer Science Students; . / [. .., ..; . . ..]. 7- . .: : , 2008.
:
1. : / [.., .., .., ..]; . . ... .: , 2010.
2. . . : 2 . / .., .., ... - : , 2008.
3. = New English for Business: . . ./ . . , . . , . . .- .: , 2007.
4. - = English-Russian Dictionary of Information Technology: 60 000 / ... . 4-, . .: , 2011.
5. .. - , , : [ 42 000 ] / ... .: - , 2009.
6. .. : () (210400, 210401.65, 210402.65, 210404.65, 210405.65, 21-406.65, 210312.65, 230105.65, 210300) / ... : - Ȼ, 2009.
7. .. : () / ...
