3.
.
: TCP/IP.
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- , . IP- , .
- IP-, . , . .
(Broadcast) - , . , .
, 255 (, 192.168.111.255), 0 (, 192.168.111.0). , , , - 255.255.255.0, broadcast 255, 0. broadcast , - 192.168.111.64, - 192.168.111.127.
, , є . , . , 256-192 = 64 ( 192 - ) 64 62 , 2 . IP- 192.168.111.0, 192.168.111.64, 192.168.111.128, 192.168.111.192 ( ip- ). , IP- C 256, 4 .
:
(255.255.255.192) - , , , .
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) - , : 192.168.111.0/26, 192.168.111.0 - , /26 - .
, , . 8 C ( , ). , 11111111 , , 11111110 , - , - . . - 11111100 4- , boradcast, . - (gateway), .
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/32 . 32 . "1", IP- . "0", IP- .
1. IP-
1- : (192) | 2- : (168) | 3- : (1) | 4- : (2) | |
IP- () | ||||
() | ||||
, , ( "1"). , "8- " , 8 , 24 .
, IP-. 8-, 16-, 24- 29- .
2.
1- : | 2- : | 3- : | 4- : | |||
8- | 255.0.0.0 | |||||
16- | 255.255.0.0 | |||||
24- | 255.255.255.0 | |||||
29- | 255.255.255.248 |
.
, . , .
IP- IP- (192.168.1.0 24- , ). IP- (192.168.1.255 24- , ).
IP- , :
3.
8 | 255.0.0.0 | 24 | 224 2 | |
16 | 255.255.0.0 | 16 | 216 2 | |
24 | 255.255.255.0 | 8 | 28 2 | |
29 | 255.255.255.248 | 3 | 23 2 |
, 32 , , . "/" .
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, 192.1.1.0 /25 192.1.1.0 255.255.255.128. .
4.
( ) | ( ) | ||
255.255.255.0 | /24 | 0000 0000 | |
255.255.255.128 | /25 | 1000 0000 | |
255.255.255.192 | /26 | 1100 0000 | |
255.255.255.224 | /27 | 1110 0000 | |
255.255.255.240 | /28 | 1111 0000 | |
255.255.255.248 | /29 | 1111 1000 | |
255.255.255.252 | /30 | 1111 1100 |
.
. , .
192.168.1.0. (192.168.1) , , 28 2 = 254 .
.
1. :
192.168.1.0 , "" . 25- (255.255.255.128 /25).
"" , , : 192.168.1.0 /25 192.168.1.128 /25.
. , A B.
2. :
25- 7 , 27 2 = 126 ( , ).
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.128 , 192.168.1.127 255.255.255.128 . , IP-, 192.168.1.1, 192.168.1.126.
192.168.1.129 192.168.1.254.
: .
25- 24- . 24- "" , (00, 01, 10 11). 26 (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000), 255.255.255.192.
6 , 26 2 = 62 ( , ).
5. 1
IP-/ | ||
IP- () | 192.168.1. | |
IP- () | 11000000.10101000.00000001. | 00000000 |
() | 11111111.11111111.11111111. | 11000000 |
192.168.1.0 | : 192.168.1.1 | |
192.168.1.63 | : 192.168.1.62 |
6. 2
IP-/ | ||
IP- | 192.168.1. | |
IP- () | 11000000.10101000.00000001. | 01000000 |
() | 11111111.11111111.11111111. | 11000000 |
192.168.1.64 | : 192.168.1.65 | |
192.168.1.127 | : 192.168.1.126 |
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7. 3
IP-/ | ||
IP- | 192.168.1. | |
IP- () | 11000000.10101000.00000001. | 10000000 |
() | 11111111.11111111.11111111. | 11000000 |
192.168.1.128 | : 192.168.1.129 | |
192.168.1.191 | : 192.168.1.190 |
8. 4
IP-/ | ||
IP- | 192.168.1. | |
IP- () | 11000000.10101000.00000001. | 11000000 |
() | 11111111.11111111.11111111. | 11000000 |
192.168.1.192 | : 192.168.1.193 | |
192.168.1.255 | : |
: .
27- (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 111).
IP- .
9.
.
24- .
10. 24-
"" | |||
255.255.255.128 (/25) | |||
255.255.255.192 (/26) | |||
255.255.255.224 (/27) | |||
255.255.255.240 (/28) | |||
255.255.255.248 (/29) | |||
255.255.255.252 (/30) | |||
255.255.255.254 (/31) |
IP- .
59.124.163.151/27.
/27 - . 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000, 255.255.255.224.
( ) 11100000 3 , 23 = 8. ( ) 11100000 5 , 25 = 32.
IP 0~31 (32 ), 0 - , 31 - Broadcast. , - 30.
: 59.124.163.0. Broadcast : 59.124.163.31
IP 59.124.163.32 59.124.163.63.
: 59.124.163.32, Broadcast : 59.124.163.63
IP 59.124.163.224 59.124.163.255
: 59.124.163.224, Broadcast : 59.124.163.255.
IP- 59.124.163.151 .
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: 59.124.163.128/27
IP 59.124.163.128 59.124.163.159, Broadcast : 59.124.163.159.
, . . , /24 , 24 , (32-24)=8 .
, , . , 256 , , . , . , .
:
IP-: 192.168.1.18 /24
: 11000000 10101000 00000001 00010010
: 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
: 11000000 10101000 00000001 11111111
, , , . , .
. , , , .
:
: 192.168.1.0 /24
: 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
: 192.168.1.0 /25
192.168.1.128 /25
: 11000000 10101000 00000001 0 0000000
11000000 10101000 00000001 1 0000000
, , .
. , /30.
, , :
, .
, , Microsoft Excel. , , /30. , :
1: A, B, . D, E ( 4 ).
12.
A | ||
B | ||
C | ||
D | ||
E | ||
A | ||
B | ||
C | ||
D | ||
E | ||
A | ||
B | ||
C | ||
D | ||
E |
2:
, , , . , , .
:
1.
2. :
a. ( );
b. ;
c. ( );
d.
e. ;
f. ;
g. .
1.
12.
34.178.0.0 /16 | ||||
118.7.50.0 /24 | ||||
39.221.98.0 /24 | ||||
88.27.252.0 /23 | ||||
81.104.216.0 /21 | ||||
7.50.128.0 /19 | ||||
89.151.32.0 /19 | ||||
126.61.74.0 /23 | ||||
36.121.96.0 /19 | ||||
28.54.64.0 /19 | ||||
67.253.0.0 /16 | ||||
77.75.0.0 /18 | ||||
5.63.168.0 /21 | ||||
85.123.72.0 /21 | ||||
72.241.3.0 /25 | ||||
87.228.68.0 /22 | ||||
46.41.64.0 /18 | ||||
57.214.86.0 /23 | ||||
74.30.128.0 /19 | ||||
88.61.128.0 /20 | ||||
10.58.180.0 /22 | ||||
112.56.76.0 /22 | ||||
2.78.160.0 /19 | ||||
30.182.64.0 /18 | ||||
75.39.128.0 /19 |
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