, , 1000 , , "" . - , , , " ", : " , , ". ? , , : , , , , " ". .
, , .. , "" , , . , , . 1999 . , "" , , 8- (8-) , ("" , "" ) 1.
, , , . , , . , , , 2. , 8- 10-100 3. 1999 , .
? , . , , (), (). ( ), , , , , , , .
|
|
, , , . , .
. , 0.3-0.7 , ! , . 1 0.15 4. , , , 90% , 30% , 5.
? , , 6. , , , , , , . .
, . , " ". ; , , , "". , 7.
, , , , , . , , . "" "" 7.
, , . , : " , " ( ).
? , , ( ). , . , , , , , , 8,9 3. . . , "" , 1,3.
|
|
, , . , - . " ", , , , . , 10, , 10-20 . , . , , , .
, , , . , ! , , , , , .. , . , . , , , , , , , . , .
, , , , . . ? .
11, . , . , 11. 12 - . 5964-82 : " ... ". , , , . , .. ( 1- .. ) , , . , 13. , "" "", . , , 7 , . , .
|
|
, . , . "" (, , - .), , , , " ". , . , .
: " ". , , , , ! , . , , , . , - , . 51355-99 , 3 /, 50-100 /! . , , . , , 11.
, , , . , 30% , 14.
15. ( , ) 1.5-3 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 .
, "":
! , , . , , , 20.
, , "" .
, . , , . 5 , , 12-15 , 15 1 . , , , , . , -, . , 1985 , ... ?! ...
|
|
? "" , . , , , . - , , , . , , , , 7. ? , "", , . : " ?" , 70-80 , "" . , 1.2-1.4 "" 0.5 . 1960 13 , 1970 - 16, 1980 - 24, 1985 - 18, 1990 23, "" . 90- : 1995 - 12, 1998 - 22, 1999 - 29, 2000 - 37. 7 2005 5 , 60 21! ?!
, , " " , . , 1997 "" , - , . , , , "" . , .. ( , 2007) 94%. , . , , 21:
Baltic Beverages Holding ( . 1991. , Carlsberg () Scottish & Newcastle ()). -, , --, . () (), (, ) (-, ) 35.8% ( 2006). : , ( ), , , , , , , : , », , , , - : Tuborg, Carlsberg, Fosters, Kronenbourg, Irish Red. , .
|
|
Sun Iterbrew {InBev} ( ) 18.7% . , , , , , . : , , , Lowenbrau, Becks, Stella Artois, Hoegaarden, Lele, BagBeer, Brahma ( , . , . , .)
Heineken ( ). - . һ (, , ), (), (. ), (-), (), () 13.3% . : , , , , . , : -, , , , Heineken, Amstel, Zlaty Bazant, Edelweiss, Bud, Guinness, Kilkenny, Buckler Gosser.
Efes Breweries Int. ( ). , . (, ) ~12.5% . : , ,, , , Efes Pilsener, Warsteiner Premium Beer, Amsterdam Navigator, Zlatopramen Bavaria.
SABMiller ( S outh A frican B reweries () Miller Brewing (), , Altria Group ( Philip Morris Companies Inc.)). 8.7% . . , Miller, Holsten, Velkopopovicky Kozel, Pilsner Urquell, Redds.
, , , -. 89% , . , ~60 142
, , , . .
. , , , , . , "" "" . , ( ) 2000 : " 15 ...".
...
,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
,
, .
,
, , .
: , ,
?
, , ,
.
, , -.
, .
,
.
,
.
, .
.
, ,
.
, , .
( )
, ?! 10 1.35 , 2.20 , ~700 , ~400 , , 50100 , 30-40 , 25-30 . .
. . ! Winston " ". (! ?!) 10-12 . ! , ! , ? . . , . - , ...
, , , ; 15 "".
, , . () . , , , .
, .
.
11 2007
1) S.R. Milligan, J.C. Kalita, A. Heyerick, H. Rong, L. de Cooman, D. de Keukeleire // Identification of a potent phytoestrogen in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer // Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84, 2249-2252 (1999).
2) P. Cos, T. de Bruyne, S. Apers, D.V. Berghe, L. Pieters, A.J. Vlietinck // Phytoestrogens: recent developments // Planta Medica 69, 589-599 (2003).
3) S.R. Milligan, J.C. Kalita, V. Pocock, V. Van de Kauter, J.F. Stevens, M.L. Deinzer, H. Rong, D. de Keukeleire // The endocrine activities of 8-prenylnaringenin and related hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids // Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85, 4912-4915 (2000).
4) S. Possemiers, A. Heyerick, V. Robbens, D. de Keukeleire, W. Verstraette // Activation of proestrogens from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) by intestinal microbiota; conversion of isoxanthohumol into 8-prenylnaringenin // Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, 6281-6288 (2005).
5) S. Possemiers, S. Bolca, C. Grootaert, A. Heyerick, K. Decroos, W. Dhooge, D. de Keukeleire, S. Rabot, W. Verstraette, T. Van de Wiele // The prenylflavonoid isoxanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is activated into potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin in vitro and in the human intestine // Journal of Nutrition 136, 1862-1867 (2006).
6) A. Sierksma, T. Sarkola, C.J.P. Eriksson, M.S. Van der Gaag, D.E. Grobbee, H.F.J. Hendriks // Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone, and estradiol levels in middle-aged men and postmenopausal women: A diet-controlled intevention study // Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 28, 780-785 (2004).
7) http://adic.org.ua/sober-cool/thematic/beer/beer-top.htm
8) P. Diel, R.B. Thomae, A. Galdarelli, O. Zierau, S. Kolba, S. Schmidt, P. Schwab, P. Metz, G. Vollmer // Regulation of gene expression by 8-prenylnaringenin in uterus and liver of Wistar rats // Planta Medica 70, 39-44 (2004).
9) G. Rimoldi, J. Christoffel, W. Wuttke // Morphologic changes induced by oral long-term treatment with 8-prenylnaringenin in the uterus, vagina, and mammary gland of castrated rats // Menopause 13, 669-677 (2006).
10) T. Takamura-Enya, J. Ishihara, S. Tahara, S. Goto, Y. Totsuka, T. Sugimura, K. Wakabayashi // Analysis of estrogenic activity of foodstuffs and cigarette smoke condensates using a yeast estrogen screening method // Food and Chemical Toxicology 41, 543-550 (2003).
11) .. , .. // (. ). Humulus lupulus L. ( ) // 13-14 (2004).
12) R.D. Gibbs // Chemotaxonomy of flowering plants // Montreal; L.: MacGill-Queen's Univ. press, 1974.
13) .. // XVII // 2, 7 (2005).
14) K. Katsovyanni, A. Trichopoulou, S. Stuver, S. Vassilaros, Y. Papadiamantis, N. Bournas, N. Skarpou, N. Mueller, D. Trichopoulos // Ethanol and breast cancer: An association that may be both confounded and casual // International Journal of Cancer 58, 356-361 (1994).
15) G. Corzo-Alvarez, T. Urribarri-Delgado // Eye damage and lighting among workers in beer industry // Investigacion clinica 38, 113-126 (1997).
16) L.L. Ritter, R. Klein, B.E.K. Klein, J.A. Mares-Perlman, S.C. Jensen // Alcohol use and age-related maculopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study // American Journal of Ophthalmology 120, 190-196 (1995).
17) S.E. Moss, R. Klein, B.E.K. Klein, S.C. Jensen, S.M. Meuer // Alcohol consumption and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy: The Beaver Dam eye study // Ophthalmology 105, 789-794 (1998).
18) J.J. Harding, R. Van Heyningen // Drugs, including alcohol, that act as risk factors for cataract, and possible protection against cataract by aspirin-like analgesics and cyclopenthiazide // British Journal of Ophthalmology 72, 809-814 (1988).
19) S. Fraser-Bell, J. Wu, R. Klein, S.P. Azen, R. Varma // Smoking, alcohol intake, estrogen use, and age-related macular degeneration in Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study // American Journal of Ophthalmology 141, 79-87 (2006).
20) L. Westney, R. Bruney, B. Ross, J.F.J. Clark, S. Rajguru, B. Ahluwalia // Evidence that gonadal hormone levels in amniotic fluid are decreased in males born to alcohol users in humans // Alcohol and Alcoholism 26, 403-407 (1991).
21) // 4 (2006). http://www.pivnoe-delo.com/?mag=39&op=journal&txt=126