, .
| People domesticate plants for the purpose of increasing the crop capacity. | ||
| Domestication of plants enables to increase yield in spite of environmental conditions. | |||
| Crop breeding can do without the genetic change of the composition of a plant. | |||
| Domestication belongs to a natural selection process under the human guidance. |
:
, , , , .
People domesticate plants for the purpose of increasing the crop capacity ( ) : Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield ( 酻) ( 2).
N 3
:
.
Crop alteration and biotechnology
1. Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years, since the beginning of civilization. Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds, drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests.
2. Crop breeding includes techniques such as plant selection with desirable traits, self-pollination and cross-pollination, and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism. Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield, improved disease resistance and drought tolerance, eased harvest and improved the taste and nutritional value of crop plants.
3. Careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. The green revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield many folds by creating high-yielding varieties. For example, average yields of corn (maize) in the USA have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40 bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001. Variations in yields are due mainly to variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques.
.
|
| Nowadays people are able to create crops with more advantageous characteristics through the use of plant breeding and hybridization. | ||
| At present its possible to increase yield, improve disease resistance, drought tolerance, and their gustatory qualities of plants. | |||
| Careful selection and breeding have enormous effects on high yields irrespectively of climatic and cultivation techniques. | |||
| Crop alteration through breeding practices which changes the genetic plant structure has been practiced by people for thousands of years. |
|
|
|
N 4
:
.
Crop alteration and biotechnology
1. Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years, since the beginning of civilization. Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds, drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests.
2. Crop breeding includes techniques such as plant selection with desirable traits, self-pollination and cross-pollination, and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism. Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield, improved disease resistance and drought tolerance, eased harvest and improved the taste and nutritional value of crop plants.
3. Careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. The green revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield many folds by creating high-yielding varieties. For example, average yields of corn (maize) in the USA have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40 bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001. Variations in yields are due mainly to variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques.
.
People occupy themselves with crop breeding not only for yield increase but also for
|
| crop plants to be tastier and more nutritious | ||
| modification of plant genetic make-up | |||
| creating high-yielding crop varieties | |||
| crops adjustment to changeable climatic conditions |
:
, , , .
People occupy themselves with crop breeding not only for yield increase but also for ( , , ) crop plants to be tastier and more nutritious ( ), .
: Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield and improved the taste and nutritional value of crop plants ( ) ( 2).
N 5
:
I was really pleased that I managed to ________ the exam.
|
| pass | ||
| take | |||
| attend | |||
| succeed |
N 6
:
Germination is the process in which a plant or fungus emerges from a seed or spore and begins
|
|
|
|
| growth | ||
| blooming | |||
| fading | |||
| reproduction |
N 7
:
The _______ for this position starts at 30,000 per year.
|
| salary | ||
| wage | |||
| payment | |||
| tip |
N 8
: ()
The science and technology of using plants for food, fuel, feed, fiber is
|
| agronomy | ||
| horticulture | |||
| agriculture | |||
| agroecology |
:
, :
agronomy ;
horticulture , ;
agriculture
agroecology .
, agronomy : , , , .
N 9
:
The river on which Washington D.C. is situated is the
|
| Potomac | ||
| Mississippi | |||
| Roanoke | |||
| Hudson |
N 10
:
Canadas two national sports are
|
| lacrosse and ice hockey | ||
| baseball and tennis | |||
| ice hockey and basketball | |||
| basketball and lacrosse |
:
, :
lacrosse and ice hockey ;
baseball and tennis ;
ice hockey and basketball ;
basketball and lacrosse .
lacrosse and ice hockey: .
N 11
:
The chairman in the House of Commons of Great Britain is the
|
| Speaker | ||
| Lord Chancellor | |||
| Prime Minister | |||
| Clerk of the House |
N 12
: -
A handsome English actor who has made his career playing romantic roles (starring in Bridget Joness Diary) opposite many divine leading ladies is
|
| Hugh Grant | ||
| Nicolas Cage | |||
| Mel Gibson | |||
| Leonardo Di Caprio |
N 13
: , , ( )
, :
To: (1) _____, Administrative Assistant
(2) _____: Sally Thomas, PA to Chairman
Date: 30 August
Subject: (3) _____
Many congratulations on recently joining the staff in the Chairmans office. I hope you will be happy here.
I am enclosing a booklet explaining the companys general rules regarding document formats.
(4)______
| Mandy Lim | |||
| From | |||
| Inhouse Document Formats | |||
| Sally Thomas |
N 14
: , -, -, -, ,
, .
|
|
|
|
| Letter of Complaint | ||
| Memo | |||
| Inquiry Letter | |||
| Cover Letter |
N 15
:
.
| Western Shoe Company Ltd. Yeovil, Somerset S19 3AF England | |||
| 16 October 2008 | |||
| Fournier at Cie SA 14 Avenue Ravigny Paris XV France | |||
| Dear Sirs: | |||
| We thank you for your inquiry of 12 October, and appreciate your interest in our products. Details of our export prices and terms of payment are enclosed, and we have arranged for a copy of our catalogue to be sent to you today. | |||
| Yours faithfully, | |||
| M. Smith Export Sales Manager |
N 16
:
:
