: 240801.65 ,
:
( )
( 1 , 2 , 3
, , 4 ).
1.
(. 6.1), P = const ( ):
1) ∆ = f(T), ∆ 5 (): 298, , (298÷); ∆ = f(T);
2) : ( = const) , , (∆298, ∆S298, ∆G298);
3) ∆ = f(), , . 1, ∆ = f();
4) ∆S0; ∆G0 ;
5) () 298 .
:
1) , - ( );
2) , ;
3) , ;
4) , ;
5) , .
.
, , .
6.1
(, ) | ||||
H2 + F2 = 2 HF | ||||
H2 + Cl2 = 2 HCl | ||||
H2 + Br2 = 2 HBr | ||||
H2 + I2 = 2 HI | ||||
2 H2 + O2 = 2 H2O | ||||
2 CO + O2 = 2 CO2 | ||||
CO + Cl2 = COCl2 | ||||
N2 + O2 = 2 NO | ||||
2 NO2 = 2 NO + O2 | ||||
N2 + 3 H2 = 2 NH3 | ||||
2 SO2 + O2 = 2 SO3 | ||||
2H2 + H2 = C2H4 | ||||
C3H6 + H2 = C3H8 | ||||
C4H8 = C4H6 + H2 1- 1,2- | ||||
C4H8 + H2 = C4H10 1- | ||||
C6H6 + 3 H2 = C6H12 | ||||
CO + 2 H2 = CH3OH | ||||
CH2O + H2 = CH3OH | ||||
CHCl3 + Cl2 = = CCl4 + + HCl | ||||
CH3Cl + 2 Cl2 = = CHCl3 + 2 HCl |
2
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3, 1 2 1 2, (. 6.3).
6.3
1, | 1, | 2, | 2, | 3, | |
272,2 | 533,2 | 283,2 | 982,0 | 300,0 | |
275,2 | 656,0 | 288,3 | 1610,0 | 315,0 | |
260,0 | 23327,0 | 270,0 | 31860,0 | 290,0 | |
265,0 | 27190,0 | 278,0 | 40290,0 | 345,0 | |
60,0 | 12663,0 | 69,0 | 31992,0 | 75,0 | |
105,0 | 17329,0 | 112,0 | 29653,0 | 120,0 | |
114,0 | 34738,0 | 116,0 | 46435,0 | 110,0 | |
273,2 | 4786,0 | 298,2 | 12697,0 | 285,0 | |
282,5 | 6665,0 | 306,7 | 16396,0 | 300,0 | |
312,5 | 18929,0 | 316,5 | 21328,0 | 325,0 | |
190,0 | 31192,0 | 200,0 | 46655,0 | 220,0 | |
196,0 | 38657,0 | 215,0 | 69476,0 | 235,0 | |
207,0 | 55986,0 | 221,0 | 77314,0 | 240,0 | |
220,0 | 648480,0 | 239,0 | 1005114,0 | 270,0 | |
212,0 | 592751,0 | 223,0 | 674824,0 | 300,0 | |
223,0 | 674824,0 | 241,0 | 1065237,0 | 290,0 | |
277,2 | 1826,0 | 281,4 | 2372,0 | 350,0 | |
285,2 | 2932,0 | 288,7 | 3279,0 | 340,0 | |
236,0 | 63315,0 | 249,0 | 86645,0 | 295,0 | |
246,0 | 78647,0 | 252,5 | 96942,0 | 310,0 | |
1832,0 | 187,0 | 1905,0 | 387,0 | 2050,0 | |
1956,0 | 573,0 | 2040,0 | 973,0 | 2100,0 | |
303,0 | 37724,0 | 311,0 | 51729,0 | 400,0 | |
293,0 | 26660,0 | 316,0 | 63317,0 | 370,0 | |
275,2 | 4000,0 | 278,2 | 4530,0 | 300,0 |
3 ,
, , ... (. 6.4). ... , ΔG, Δ, ΔS, ΔF (ΔA) Q, (, ). 1 .
6.4
= f(T) | , | ||
C6H4O2 + 2H+ = = C6H4(OH)2 + 2 e | = 0,6990 7,410-4( 298) | ||
C6H4O2 + 2H+ = = C6H4(OH)2 + 2 e | = 0,6990 7,410-4( 298) | ||
C6H4O2 + 2H+ = = C6H4(OH)2 + 2 e | E = 0,6990 7,410-4(T 298) | ||
C6H4O2 + 2H+ = = C6H4(OH)2 + 2 e | E = 0,6990 7,410-4(T 298) | ||
Zn + 2AgCl = ZnCl2 + 2Ag | E = 1,25 4,0210-4 · | ||
Zn + 2AgCl = ZnCl2 + 2Ag | E = 1,25 4,0210-4 · | ||
Zn + 2AgCl = ZnCl2 + 2Ag | E = 1,25 4,0210-4 · | ||
Zn + 2AgCl = ZnCl2 + 2Ag | E = 1,25 4,0210-4 · | ||
Zn + Hg2SO4 = = ZnSO4 + 2Hg | E =1,4328 1,1910-3(T 298) | ||
Zn + Hg2SO4 = = ZnSO4 + 2Hg | E = 1,4328 1,1910-3(T 298) | ||
Zn + Hg2SO4 = = ZnSO4 + 2Hg | E =1,4328 1,1910-3(T 298) | ||
Zn + Hg2SO4 = = ZnSO4 + 2Hg | E =1,4328 1,1910-3(T 298) | ||
Ag + Cl- = AgCl | = 0,2224 6,410-4( 298) | ||
Ag + Cl- = AgCl | = 0,2224 6,410-4( 298) | ||
Ag + Cl- = AgCl | = 0,2224 6,410-4( 298) | ||
Ag + Cl- = AgCl | = 0,2224 6,410-4( 298) | ||
Cd + Hg2SO4 = = CdSO4 + 2Hg | =1,0183 4,0610-5(T 293) | ||
Cd + Hg2SO4 = = CdSO4 + 2Hg | =1,0183 4,0610-5(T 293) | ||
Cd + Hg2SO4 = = CdSO4 + 2Hg | =1,0183 4,0610-5(T 293) | ||
Cd + Hg2SO4 = = CdSO4 + 2Hg | =1,0183 4,0610-5(T 293) | ||
Cd + 2AgCl = CdCl2 + Ag | E = 0,869 6,510-4 ·T | ||
Cd + 2AgCl = CdCl2 + Ag | E = 0,869 6,510-4 ·T | ||
Cd + 2AgCl = CdCl2 + Ag | E = 0,869 6,510-4 ·T | ||
Cd + 2AgCl = CdCl2 + Ag | E = 0,869 6,510-4 ·T | ||
Cd + PbCl2 = CdCl2 + Pb | E = 0,331 4,810-4 ·T |
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4
1 2 1 2, . 6.5, : ; 3; ; -; t, (. 6.5); .
, .
6.5
- | 1 | 2 | 1, | 2, | 3, | t, | 0,/ | |
H2+Br22HBr | 0,0856 | 0,00036 | 574,2 | 497,2 | 483,0 | 0,03 | ||
H2+Br22HBr | 0,0159 | 0,0026 | 550,0 | 524,0 | 568,0 | 0,10 | ||
H2+I22HI | 0,00146 | 0,0568 | 599,0 | 672,0 | 648,0 | 1,83 | ||
H2+I22HI | 0,0859 | 0,375 | 683,0 | 716,0 | 693,0 | 1,83 | ||
2HIH2+I2 | 9,42*10-7 | 0,0031 | 456,0 | 700,0 | 923,0 | 2,38 | ||
2HIH2+I2 | 8,09*10-5 | 0,1259 | 628,0 | 780,0 | 976,0 | 1,87 | ||
2NON2+O2 | 1526,0 | 1251,0 | 1423,0 | 2,83 | ||||
2N2O2N2+O2 | 6,72 | 986,0 | 1165,0 | 1059,0 | 1,75 | |||
N2O5N2O4+1/2O2 | 0,00203 | 0,000475 | 298,0 | 288,0 | 338,0 | 0,93 | ||
PH3P+3/2H2 | 0,0183 | 0,0038 | 953,0 | 918,0 | 988,0 | 0,87 | ||
SOCl2SO2+Cl2 | 6,09*10-5 | 0,00132 | 552,0 | 593,0 | 688,0 | 2,50 | ||
C2H5ONa+C2H5I C2H5OC2H5+NaI | 1,0 | 7,15 | 283,0 | 305,0 | 383,0 | 1,67 | ||
- | 1 | 2 | 1, | 2, | 3, | t, | 0,/ | |
CO+H2OCO2+H2 | 0,00032 | 0,00815 | 288,0 | 313,0 | 303,0 | 3,85 | ||
COCl2CO+Cl2 | 0,0052 | 0,00676 | 655,0 | 745,0 | 698,0 | 104,5 | 0,80 | |
C2H5ONa+CH3I C2H5OCH3+NaI | 0,0336 | 2,125 | 273,0 | 303,0 | 288,0 | 0,87 | ||
CH2OHCH2Cl+KOHCH2OHCH2OH + +KCl | 0,68 | 5,23 | 298,0 | 317,0 | 303,0 | 0,96 | ||
CH2ClCOOH+H2OCH2OHCOOH+ + HCl | 2,22*10-5 | 0,00237 | 353,0 | 403,0 | 423,0 | 0,50 | ||
CH3CO2C2H5+NaOHCH3CO2Na + +C2H5OH | 2,306 | 21,65 | 282,0 | 318,0 | 343,0 | 0,95 | ||
CH3CO2CH3+H2O CH3COOH+CH3OH | 0,029 | 1,04 | 273,0 | 298,0 | 285,0 | 3,89 | ||
C6H5CH2Br + + C2H5OH C6H5CH2OC2H5+ + HBr | 1,44 | 2,01 | 298,0 | 338,0 | 318,0 | 2,67 | ||
C12H22O11+H2O C6H12O6+C6H12O6 | 0,765 | 36,5 | 298,0 | 328,0 | 313,0 | 2,60 | ||
- | 1 | 2 | 1, | 2, | 3, | t, | 0,/ | |
CH3C6H4N2Cl+H2O CH3C6H4OH + +N2+HCl | 0,0066 | 0,165 | 298,0 | 313,0 | 353,0 | 0,65 | ||
NaBO3+H2O NaH2BO3+1/2O2 | 0,00125 | 0,105 | 288,0 | 313,0 | 365,0 | 1,55 | ||
2H2O2H2O+1/2O2 | 0,125 | 5,88 | 273,0 | 298,0 | 303,0 | 1,58 | ||
2NCl3N2+3/2Cl2 | 2,53 | 10,88 | 298,0 | 313,0 | 353,0 | 12,5 | 6,5 |
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