found the lectures helpful.
3) All may be followed by an appositive clause which is usually
introduced by the conjunction that or asyndetically.
e.g. Meeting George was the first piece of pure chance that affected
all (that) I did later.
1 For the use or absence of the definite article after all see "Articles", §10, Note.
She listened to all (that) he said with a quiet smile on her lips.
Note the following idiomatic uses of all:
e.g. He is all in. (= He is completely exhausted.) It was all my
fault. (= entirely) The money is all gone. (= completely) He
was all covered with mud. (= wholly) I did not understand it
at all. (= in the least degree) After all, people laughed at
Manet, though everyone now * knows he was a great
painter.
I warn you, once and for all, that this foolishness must stop.
(= for the last and only time)
§ 26. The pronoun every is used only as an adjective pronoun.
It modifies singular countable nouns when there are more than
two objects of the same description.
e.g. After the gale every flower in the garden was broken.
Every head turned to look at them as they progressed slowly
up the aisle.
He knew by heart every word in her letter.
Every morning the landlady greeted him with the same question,
"Had a good sleep, dear?"
Every time I ring you up, I find you engaged.
He had every reason to believe that he was right.
Note the idiomatic uses of every in the following sentences:
e.g. Every other house in the street was damaged in an air-raid.
(= every second, fourth, sixth, etc. house; about half the
houses)
He comes here every three days. (= every third day) They
had a rest every few miles. (= They had a rest every
time they had walked a few miles.)
Every is a synonym of all when the latter is used attributively.
The use of every is, however, more restricted than that of all
because it cannot be used with uncountable nouns.
With countable nouns, their use appears to be parallel.
e.g. The explosion broke all the windows in the street.
The explosion broke every window in the street.
Yet, in addition to the fact that every precedes singular nouns
and all is associated with plural nouns, there is a difference in
meaning. The distinction between all and every is that in a sentence
like All the boys were present we consider the boys in a
mass; in the sentence Every boy was present we are thinking of
the many individual boys that make up the mass. Nevertheless it
is more usual to use every instead of all where possible.
§ 27. There are the following compound pronouns formed with
every: everyone — everybody — everything.
All of them are used as noun pronouns and take a singular
verb. Everyone and everybody can be used only of persons.
e.g. Everyone's got a right to their own opinion.
She took the initiative and herself spoke to everyone she knew.
"Everybody's afraid, aren't they?" he said looking at the people
around.
Both everyone and everybody can have the form of the genitive
case.
e.g. He's sure of everyone's consent.
The difference in meaning between everyone and everybody is
the same as between someone and somebody (see § 22 above). Only;
everyone can be followed by an o/-phrase.
e.g. He is at once physician, surgeon and healer of the serious
illnesses which threaten everyone of us in England today.
Note. The compounds with -one are distinct from such groups as every one, any
one and some one where one is numerical and refers back to a countable noun that occurs
in the sentence or the context. These groups are often followed by of-phrases.
e.g. I have three sisters. Every one of them is beautiful.
The book opened to them new worlds, and every one of them was glorious.
But he knew that it would not take much for every one of them to start
talking freely.
Give me one of those books — any one will do.
Everything can be used only of things and also takes a singular
verb but it cannot have the genitive case form.
e.g. No wonder everything goes wrong in this house.
I'll tell you everything tonight.
One can't have everything.
§ 28. The pronoun each is used as a noun pronoun and as an
adjective pronoun. In the former case it is singular in meaning
and takes a singular verb (a). In the latter case it is associated
with a singular countable noun and can be used when there are at
least two objects of the same description (b).
e.g. a) I told them what each was to do in case of an emergency, b)
For years I thought I remembered each detail of that day. I have
met him each time he has come to London. We examined each
specimen minutely. He gave each boy a present.
Each as an adjective pronoun is a synonym of every but there
is some difference in meaning between them. Every tends to gather
the separate items into a whole; each focuses attention on them
individually and so tends to disperse the unity, it takes the members
of a definite group one by one, without adding them up. In
other words, every refers to a number of individuals or things,
considered as a group; each refers to a number of individuals or
things, considered separately.
e.g. Every orange in the crate was wrapped in tissue paper. He carefully
unwrapped each orange before putting it on the scales.
As a result of its specific meaning, each may be followed by
an o^-phrase, which is not possible in the case of every.
e.g. Each of the men signed his name as he came in.
I'll send each of you some seeds in the autumn.
Each of the ten houses in the row had a garden.
§ 29. The pronoun other can be used as an adjective pronoun
and as a noun pronoun.
As an adjective pronoun, it is invariable. When it is preceded by
the indefinite article (an), they are written as one word another.
"The other + a singular noun" means 'the second of the two.'
e.g. The insurance offices were on the other side of the street.
He pulled on the other glove and said that, though it was
late, he would run along to his office.
I spent half my time teaching law and the other half in London
as a consultant to a big firm.
"Another + a singular noun"- means 'an additional one', 'a different
one'.
e.g. Young Martin had been sent on another errand to the grocer.
Richard stayed for another moment, shifting from one foot
to the other.
We went into another room. I
must find myself another job.
"The other + a plural noun" means 'the rest', 'the remaining'.
e.g. My mother said: "I don't want my boy to suffer in any way
at the side of the other boys in the form." When I returned
home I found my wife talking to our neighbour. The other
guests had gone.
"Other + a plural noun" means 'additional', 'different', 'remaining'.
e.g. I have no other friends but you.
"We can do as well as other people," my aunt said.
He said that he would ring Charles up as soon as he got
home. Then he talked of other things all the way. Some
children like milk chocolate, other children prefer plain
chocolate.
As a noun pronoun, other has the plural form others and the
genitive Case forms other's and others'.
Other used as a noun pronoun has the same meanings as when
it is used as an adjective pronoun (see above).
e.g. Simon set one foot slightly in front of the other, ready to
fight. -.
It was only another of her many disappointments.
If that cigar is too strong, try another.
That may be your opinion, but the others think differently. I
have talked to them. All superiors were '.aportant to Mr
Vesey, though some were
more important than others. One of his daughters is
married to a man who lives by his
pen. The other's husband is a doctor.
Note the idiomatic uses of other in the following sentences:
e.g. I don't want him to be other than he is.(= I don't want him
to be different.) She could invent no way of squeezing
another nine guineas
out of her budget. (= nine guineas more) Another fifty
yards farther on you can see Marcello's boat.
(= fifty yards more)
"I saw your wife the other day," I said. (= a few days ago)
And somehow or other he had acquired a wide acquaintance
with the less known parts of the city. (= in some way that •
cannot be accounted for) Some idiot or other has been throwing
stones at the dog.
§ 30. The pronoun either and its negative counterpart neither
are used as noun pronouns and as adjective pronouns. When used
as nouns, they take a singular verb. Either usually means 'one or
the other of two'.
e.g. Either of these machines is suitable for the work you want
done. "Which of the two rooms would you like, sir?" "Oh,
either. I
don't care."
The news did not shock either of them. My wife and I
watched him make the parcel but he took no
notice of either of us.
Have you seen either of your parents today? There is a train
at 11.30 and one at 12.05. Either train will
get you to Oxford in time for the meeting.
In the above meaning either is mostly used as a noun pronoun,
though occasionally it occurs in the function of an attribute (see
the last example above).
Either may also mean 'each of two'. In this meaning it is used
as an adjective pronoun and mostly found in literary English.
e.g. He came down the road with a girl on either arm.
There was a lamp at either end of the street. The
houses on either side were tall and big.
Neither means 'not the one nor the other'.
e.g. That evening my mother spoke with such quiet anger that
Aunt Milly was intimidated. After that neither of them
was ever willing to take up the subject.
The first time we met after the ball, neither of us said a
word that was not trivial.
My friend and I came to the end of our last walk. "We shall
meet again," she said. "If not next year, then some other
time." Neither of us believed it.
You can keep your astonishment and your mortification for
yourself. I feel neither.
I have travelled by both trains and neither train had a restaurant
car.
Neither brother has been abroad.
§ 31. The pronoun both is used as a noun pronoun and as an
adjective pronoun. It is plural in meaning and applied only to two
persons or things.
e.g. Two men were injured in the accident. Both are now recovering
in hospital.
I ordered only one of the two books, but now I think I'll take
Both.
Dirk went up to her, and took both her hands.
I made plans for the future that ignored both my parents
and my studies.
I invited one of the brothers but both of them came.
Note the possible place of both in the sentence.
e.g. Both (the) men were interested in the job.
