1) long and short vowels which determine the meaning of the world: ship sheep
2) final voiced consonant is not devoiced: wide white
3) reduction of some vowels in unstressed position: eg. difference, senator
4) compression of sounds when they disappear weak forms: conjunction and, weak of
5) double stresses of 2 kinds 1 primary and secondary stress
2 2 primary or two main stresses in words /
(in numerals 13-19;
in words with prefixes such as un-, il-, re-, im-, over-,
in verbs adverbs and adjectives the last consonant of which is participle: well-done, blue-eyed)
6) compound nouns have one stress on the first component eg. armchair
7) fall in English is lower than in Ukr.
TEACHER SHOULD KNOW HOW TO ORGANIZE HIS WORK.
All English sounds for the aim of presentation are conventionally divided into 3 groups:
I group sounds which are phonetically proximate with those in the native language
eg. b, p, g, s, z, m, n
II group sounds seemingly identical with sounds of those of mother tongue which are different
eg. [ ]
Here the mother-tongue interference is great. Here not only imitation but explanation is important.
III group sounds which dont exist in the mother-tongue
eg. [ ]
sounds of this group should be thoroughly explained and practised.
In terms of STRESS students should know that there are 3 kinds of stress in English:
1 word-stress [the word may have one stress; a secondary stress; or 2 main stresses. Correct w.s. patterns are essential for the learners production and perception f E. if a non-native speaker produces a word with the wrong stress pattern, an E. listener may have great difficulty in understanding the word, even if most of the individual sounds have been well pronounced. In listening they may not recognize the word. Word-stress in English is variable any syllable in a polysyllabic word can carry the main stress. As well as being variable, E. word stress is also mobile. In the economy, the stress falls on the second syllable (but in economic, it falls on the 3rd syllable, or counting from the end of the word, the next-to-last or penultimate syllable (economic). Students need to pay attention to the location of the main stress when they come across a new word.
2 sentence stress [sentences are pronounced with a specific rhythm as some parts of speech are stressed in English and some not. Speakers often decide that they want to give more or less prominence to a particular word. A word may be given more weight because the speaker wants to highlight it.
Nouns, adjectives, modal and auxiliary verbs with negation, demonstrative pronouns, and reflexive pronouns are stressed in Eng. sentence
Article, particles, prepositions, modal verbs a part from initial position or negation, link-verbs, auxiliary verbs are not stressed.
3 a logical stress
implies singling out the word or words, which renders the main information.
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INTONATION:
Is also like music in that it uses changes in pitch; speakers can change the pitch of their voice as they speak, making it higher or lower in pitch at will. So speech has a melody called INTONATION. The 2 basic melodies are RISING and FALLING. These can be very sudden or gradual, and can be put together in various combinations [ rise-fall-rise; fall-rise-fall, etc]
{Intonation is used to put certain words in the foreground; low pitch is used to put things in the background; intonation is used to signal ends and beginnings (listing things); used to show involvement; to show expectations; to show that one speaker respects or cares about other; to show relationship between the parts of speakers message}.
Functions:
- attitudinal intonation showing the attitude of the speaker
- grammatical
eg. We didnt go to the museum¯. (because it was too late)
essential or logical - coincides with logical may be a high-rise or fall or an essential rise.
eg. It was so↑ nice yesterday
- discourse function when it helps to show the connection between separate sentences which are separate utterances, between the parts of speakers message
Intonation signals what is new and what is known; it can be - referring and - proclaiming
