, +, |
4 []
, : , . : () (). , , : $ ". $ , -, , , - .., " , , , , ..
1:
, : 1 = = (1=) 1 1: 1= , 1= 1 = ( ) |
1= ( )
I. :
1. a, b, c, a1, b1, c1, a2 - () ;
2. fn, gn, hn, f1n, g1n, h1n, f2n, - ;
3. Pn, Qn, Rn, Sn, P1n, Q1n, R1n, S1n, P2n ;
4. x, y, z, x1, y1, z1, x2 - () .
II. :
Ø, &, Ú, É, º, ^, , $, ", =.
III. : : (),.
1:
1. (a, b, c, a1, b1, c1, a2 ..) ;
2. (x, y, z, x1, y1, z1, x2 ..) ;
3. Fn - n- (fn, gn, hn, f1n, g1n ..) t1, t2,, tn , , : Fn(t1, t2,, tn).
4. , .1-4.
1. b - .1
2. b411 .1
3. x1 .2
4. h1(z) .2,3
5. h2(c,) .1,3
6. h1(h1(z)) .2,3
7. f2(h1(z),a) .1,2,3
8. f2(h1(z), h2(y,z)) . 1,2,3
9. g3(h1(h1()), a, ) .1,3
: , , , .. , , . , , , , : . ( ), , , . , h1(h1()) 622, ÖÖ5, . f2(a,h1(z)) , , 5+z2, 7-z3, p+Öy, 5×4, 5×sinx.
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1=:
1. ^, ;
2. n - n- (Pn, Qn, Rn, Sn, P1n ..), t1, t2,, tn ,
n(t1, t2,, tn) ;
3. t1, t2 , t1=t2 ;
4. , Ø ;
5. , (&), (Ú), (É), (º) ;
6. ($ "), a - , : a;
7. , .1-7.
( ) . () , - 1-3.
, .3-6 (, ).
Ø t1=t2 t1¹t2.
^
P1(a) ( ; )
P1(x)
P1(f1()) ( f ; , f, )
R2(x,a) ( R , ; R )
R2(y,y)
R2(y11,y)
R3(f1(c), f1(a), a)
R3(f1(c), f1(a), h2(y,z))
a=b
f1(a)= h1(h1())
f1(a)= h1(g2(y,z))
$xP(x)
$x(P(x)&Q(x)) ( - $)
$xP(x)&Q(x) ( - &)
"y"zQ(z,f1(y)) ( "y)
Ø"y"zQ(z,y) ( - Ø)
"x$yR(x,y)Ú"y"zQ(z,y) ( - Ú)
"x($yR(x,y)Ú"zQ(z,x)) ( - "x)
ØR(x,y)ÚQ(z,x) ( - Ú)
Ø (a=b Ú c=b) Éa ¹b ( - É)
( )
1. &. : , & ( , Ú, É, º), .
2. f1(Q1(a)). : (f1) , - Q1(a).
3. Ø & Ø. Ø, Ø . Ø , (), ( - ). Ø.
4. P2(Q1(a),S1(a)). : (P2) , (Q1(a) S1(a)).
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5. ∀x. , ) (Pn, Qn, Rn, Sn, P1n ..), ) , ) (^, ). .
6. ∀x É ∃y. , 6 É , (. ).
7. ∀x1() É ∃y1(∃). : 1(∃). 1 , ∃ - ( ). 7 , ∀x1()É∃y1().
8. ()=(). : , .
9. $x"yR(x,y)ÉØ$y"ØR(x,). : " , (x, y, z, x1, y1, z1, x2 ..), ( )[2].
10. Ø$y"ØR(x,). : (") .
1. ? ?
2., ( ) 1 ( ). , , , , (, () , (,) - ).
1. + xy
2. + (x,y)
3. + P2(x&y)
4. + Ø
5. + h3(g1(f2(a,b)))
6. + ∀x(R(x)⊃∃y(P(y)&Q(x,y)))
7. a
8. x
9. f2(x,x)
10. x1824
11. f2(h2(a,b))
12. h1(f2(a, h1(z)))
13. f2h1(a)
14. f1(P1(a))
15. f1(a)& f1(c)
16. P(z1)
17. $P(x)
18. P(x,)
19. " f1(x)
20. " f1(x)=h1(h1(x))
21. "aP(a)
22. P(a)
23. y1(x)
24. Q2
25. Q1(")
26. ØR(x,y)
27. $xP(a)
28. Ø"xØ"y R(x,y)
29. $y(Q1 É 1)
30. P1(Q1(a))
31. Ø $x"yÉ "Ø$y
32. $x"yR(x,y)ÉØ$y"xØR(x,y)
3. , / .
) g(a, f(b))
) Ø$x "y R(x,y) É"$ØR(x,y)
) $x(R(x) & "(ØR(x,y)Ú ØR(x,y))
4. , .
() P (x,c)
() "x P (x,c)
() "x P (x,c)É^
() Ø ( º (∀x∃y((R(x) & R(y)) É Q(x,y)))
() $x("yQ(b,c,y) º R(x,y))Ú("z (Q (z) º R(z,b)))
. . .
5. .
() "x P (x,c) ÉR(x)
() "x (P (x,c) ÉR(x))
() $x("yQ(y)ÉR(x,y))Ú("zQ(z)ÚR(z,x))
() + "x(P(x,y1)º$yQ(y,x))&"z(R(x,y)ºR1(y, x))
? , , . ( ) (1) x+y=7 (2) $$ x+y=7. (1) , . , ( , ). (2) () ( , 2 (, ) , 7). . |
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6. , , :
. "x P (x,c)
."x (P(x)ÉQ(y))
. $x("yQ(y)ÉR(x,y))Ú("z Q (z)ÚR(z,x))
. "x(P(x,y)É$yQ(y,z,x))
. + "x(P(x,y)ºQ(y,x))&"z(R(x,y)ºR1(y, x))
. + $x(P(x)ºQ(y))
. + "x$y(P(x,y)ºQ(y,x))&"x"y(R(x,y)ºR1(y, x))
, ... .
, , : () (= ) |
7. ?
a. P1(x)
b. P1(a)
c. $xP1(x)
d. Q2(c,y)
e. Q3(a2,a2,c)
f. $x(P1(x)& Q2(c,y))
g. $y(P1(y)& Q2(c,y))É ($yR1(y)& Q2(c,y))
h. "x"x4"y((R(x4)& R(x)& R(y))ÉØQ3(x,y,x4))
i. "x"x4"y(R(x4)& R(x)& R(y))ÉØQ3(x,y,x4)
j.+ $z"x(R2(x,z)ºQ2(x,x))ÉØQ3(x,z,z)
a1, a2,,an - (, 1, , 2, 1 ..) - . "a1"a2"an "a1, a2,, an . $a1$a2$an $a1, a2,, an . , "x"x4"y ((x,y) Ú S(4,) É Q(,4)) "x,x4,y((x,y) Ú S(4,) É Q(,4)). |
.4 .3
1) : , . , , () . , .
2) : , . , , () . , , .
3) : , . , , . :
(x y) &, , , .
4) : , . : ( ).
5) .
6) . :
.4 .5()
"x ():
"x (P(x,y1)º$yQ(y,x)) & "z(R(x,y)ºR1(y, x))
$ ():
"x(P(x,y1)º$y Q(y,x))&"z(R(x,y)ºR1(y, x))
"z ():
"x(P(x,y1)º$yQ(y,x))&"z(R(x,y)ºR1(y, x))
.4 .6
, .
."x(P(x, y)ºQ(y,x))&"z(R(x, y)ºR1(y, x))
. $x(P(x)ºQ(y))
.
.4 .7(j) , ( ):
$z"x(R2(x,z)ºQ2(x,x))ÉØQ3(x,z,z)
[1] ..; , . . . ., 1968, [], .. - [].
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[2] ( : , , , , , - ..). ., , , , , .