, , , ( ) . - , . , (, , ), ( , ). . , , .
. . , , . : , .
, . , . , , .
:
1. , , . .
2. . .
3. , ( ). , , , .
, , h, s .
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, (, ), , ( () ). .
2.1.
. , , .
( )
(2.1) |
( p = const dp =0)
(2.2) |
(2.3) |
, qp ( lp , =0). ∆ = 2 1 .
(2.4) |
. , .
. 2.1. T, s h, s. |
. 2.1. . , (, 12, 34, 56, 36), , 1 2. ( ) v 1, h 1, v 2, h 2 (l, q Δ u) (2.1), (2.3) (2.4).
, (, 78), 1 2. v1, v2, h1 h2 (1.22) (1.23), v', v ", h' h" . l, q Δ u , .
( 47), , , , . v h , a (1.22) (1.23). l, q ∆ .
, v, h s. , , . , , , , . , l, q ∆ u.
2.2.
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() . (, ) .
, , ( v = const dv =0)
(2.5) |
(2.6) |
(2.4) , qv ( lv =0).
(. 2.2), .
. 2.2. T, s h, s. |
1. (, 12, 34, 56 36), v . . u 1 =h 1 p 1 v u 2 =h 2 p 2 v qv=u 2 1.
2. , (, 78), , . p 1 2( 1 2 ) v 1 ', v 1 ", h 1 ', h 1 " v 2 ', v 2 ", h 2 ', h 2 ". v, 1 2 (1.22), h 1 h 2 (1.23). , v h , u 1, 2 qv.
v, x 1 x 2. v 1 " = v/x 1 v2" = v/x 2 1, 2 1, 2. (1.22) v, h 1, h 2, u 1, 2 qv. , h, s .
3. , (, 47, 58), v ( ). v . , u 1, 2 qv.
, , , v v' v", . v<v', , v'<v<v" , v>v" .
2.3.
, .
, 1 ,
(2.7) |
, :
, | (2.8) |
. | (2.9) |
, , , u 2 u 1 h 2 h 1 .
, (. 2.3).
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. 2.3. T = const T, s h, s. |
1. (, 12, 34, 56, 36). 1 p 2. v 1, h 1, s 1 v 2, h 2, s 2, u 1 u 2, q, lT lT , (2.7) (2.9). , .
2. ( 78). .
3. , 47 ( 85). , , , . v h , (1.22) (1.23), .
, , , s h, s ( ).
2.4.
, () .
s = onst, , , . , ds = 0,
. | (2.10) |
(2.4) (2.3) q = 0
, | (2.11) |
. | (2.12) |
, , .
h, s , s. , , (. 2.4):
1. ( 12). 1 p 1, 2. 1 1, v 1, h 1 s 1. 2, , v 2 h 2. (2.12) (2.11), u 1 u 2.
v 1, h 1 s 1. s 1 >s 2 " ( s 2 "
. 2.4. s = const T, s h, s. |
2), . 2 , s 2 =s 1, v 2 h 2 . , .
2. ( 3-4). 1( 1 ) 1 ( 1 v 1, h 1 s 1). 2. , , 2 . (2.11) (2.12).
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, v, v", h ', h", s' s" 1( 1) . 1, (1.22)(1.24) v 1, h 1 s 1. 1 , 1 , . s 2 =s 1, s2' s 2 " 2, 2 . v 2 h 2, , l l .
3. , ( 56), , , , .
, , . , . , : , , , .
2.5.
. , , . , .
(2.13) |
, h 1 =h 2, h = const ( ).
, . , (.2.5). , , .
, h = const , s h, s ( 12) ( ah=(∂T/∂p)h ). ( 34), ( ). 1.3, , , , ; ah =0. ah <0, -
. 2.5. T,s h,s. |
ah >0 (, 56), , .
, h, s ( 800 100 ), . 200 , .
. , h, s = const, .
. . , , . , .
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, , h, s , s. ( 1, T1 1, 1) 2.
, h 1 = h2 h2" 2. h2<h 2 ", . (1.23) 2, , , v 2 s 2 (1.22) (1.24). h 2 >h 2 ", , 2.
h, s. p 1 1( x 1 = const), h = const 2 .
2.6.
, , .
( ) - . .
, ( ), (2.13)
(2.14) |
(2.15) |
(2.15) , .
, . , , . , . , , .
, , (2.3):
. |
(2.15)
(2.16) |
, , . , v, (2.16). h 1 h 2, , , (2.14).
(2.13)(2.15) , , , , (2.13), . ( ). ,
(2.17) |
(2.17) ,
(2.18) |
.
(2.19) |
w /, h /.
h /, (2.19)
(2.20) |
h 1 h 2 , , h, s, s = const , 2(. 2.6).
(2.19) . ( w 1=0)
(2.21) |
. 2.6. h, s. |
() . , , (2.14), , . , , , , .
w 2
, | (2.22) |
φ .
φ, , 1 , . , , φ 0,950,98.
, , , . , , s = const, . (2.19) (2.22)
(2.23) |
h 2 >h 2 2.
(2.23) h 2
(2.24) |
ξ = 1φ2 .
, h, s φ2(h 1 h 2 ) ξ(h 1 h2) 2, 2' . ( . 2.6).
h, s , , s (.2.7). . , , h 1 h 2, 1234, , . 22'b h 2 h 2, . 12'b , - . , s ,
. , , .
12' , (2.15) 12'234, , . , .
, , . (2.1)
(2.25) |
(2.25)
(2.26) |
. 2.7. , s. |
(∂p/∂v)s
(2.27) |
(2.27), (2.26)
(2.28) |
(2.29) |
,
f .
(2.30) |
(2.28) dv / v (2.30),
(2.31) |
M = w / a ( ).
(2.31) . , , (dw> 0). , . (2.31) , M <1 df< 0, M> 1 df> 0. , , , , . () df = 0 M= 1, . , , .
, , ( <1), (df< 0 ).
() , . dw< 0 (2.31), > 1 df< 0, M< 1 df> 0. , , , .
, . , = 1, .
, , , . p 1 , w 1, β. , , p 1 β, , . , , XIX .
. (2.21) (2.29), ,
(2.32) |
(2.32) ,
(2.33) |
p 1 v 1 p / p 1= β, . ψ
(2.34) |
ψ , : β=0 β=1. , ψ(β) β 0 1. d ψ/ d β , , ψ , , f .
(2.35) |
0,528 0,546 ( k = 1,3). β , β = 0,546, β = 0,577. β ≈ 0,5.
(2.21) β,
(2.36) |
. γ 12º ( ). d min d 2, l
(2.37) |
, , .
(2.29a) |
w (2.20) (2.22) . v h, s .
2 = (2.29) . p β , . h, s, w v f. f , f min, d min, d 2 . f min w v , p = p 1β.
, , . , , , , . pa/p 1 β, . pa/p 1 = β . , , , . 2 = , .
, . , . , , .
, h, s. , ( 2.4). , , s = onst, φ . , , , , , , ( 12 12' . 2.7). h 1- h , w f , .
, , , , h, s. , .