. ( , ) , .. , 1 . (5.4)
Le = Q1 Q2 = L L. (5.5)
L L (5.3) (5.2),
L e = + LII, (5.6)
LII = L L .
( II) , . (L II = 0), , , .
, , L II.
, (5.5), (5.6). (5.5) , (5.6), . 6, , .
, , (5.6), 1 , () .
, . , L L (5.5) (. . 5.1), .
[31]:
h = L s /L. , L , , . h = 0,75... 0,85.
: h = L /L s. , . h h = 0,85... 0,95.
, , , (5.5),
L e = c (T * s) h c (T * s T ).
T * T , [31]
L e = c T * h c p T . (5.7)
p S = p * / p () , :
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p S = p V s p *S. (5.8)
, T *, p S, ( ), h h , T . . p V , , p S. .
, ( ) :
L e = L e = L e .
, , T , h h .
5.3.1.
p S = const. (5.7) , T * , . T * (. 5.3).
. 5.3. L e T * p S = 25, T = 216 , h = 0,85, h = 0,93 |
T * T * min . (5.7), L e = 0 T * min:
T * min= T =.
(5.9)
( h = h = 1) T * min= T * s. , , (Q1 min= 0).
, , , .. Q1 min > 0. , .
(5.9) , T * min p S, T (. 5 4).
. 5.4. T * min p S T :
- - - h = 0,75, h = 0,83; h = 0,85, h = 0,93
5.3.2.
, , L e, . (5.7)
L e = c p T h . (5.7)
(5.7) , : p S = 1
p S = = p S . (5.9)
, , .
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( ), . , p S , T * = T * min, . , (5.9) T * p S . p S (. 5.5), L e , . L e = f (p S) p S opt (5.7) :
. 5.5. p S T = 216 |
L e = c p T * h c p T (e 1),
e=.
=
,
e opt =,
p S opt = =. (5.10)
, p S , T * /T . , p S opt.
. 5.6. M T * / T = var |
p S opt . p S opt, (5.8), p * opt = p S opt / p V s, : V p V s , p * opt . , M = 2,5... 3 (. 5.6).
, pS , , . : ( , Q 2) Q 1 (. . 5.5). , p S, , .
, T * = T * min (. . 5.3) p S = p S (. . 5.5) . , . - , - .
. 5.8. L e p S T * = var, T = 216 |
, , . , T * 1000 2000 p S opt 10 40, 210 830 /, .. 4 (. 5.8).
L e Q 0:
h = L e / Q0.
, , , .
Q0, 1 , Q1, 1 , . (4.3) Q0 = Q1 / h ,
h = h . (5.11)
L e s ( ) , Q 1 Q1 s (, ), (5.11) :
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h h h th r I, (5.12)
h t = L e s / Q 1 s ; h r I = L e / L e s .
, . Q 2 s, (p= const).
h t = 1 Q 2 s / Q 1 s Q 1 s Q 2 s, ,
Q 1 s = c p; Q 2 s = c p,
. 5.9. T *, p S T : - - - ; |
h t = 1 . (5.13)
(5.13) , .
h r I , () . , , , L r I = L r + L r :
h r I = 1 . (5.14)
(5.11), , , , , .
. , :
h e = h e = h e .
5.5.
h e, Le, T *, p S T , h , h , , h = const.
. 5.10. T * (p S = 25, T =216 ) |
. p S= const.
T * = T * min, , Q1 . , (5.11), . .
T * , h r I (. (5.14), L rI ) , , .
T * , h r I , , , , h e : , (. 5.10).
. , , h e, .
. 5.11. , p S (T * = 1600 , = 216 ) |
p S = 1 p S = p S , , Q 1 > 0. , p S 1 p S .
h t h r I. (. 5.11). , , (5.14) L r I = const, p S opt.
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p S 1 p S opt , . p S, p S t, , h r I .
= .
, p 'S, , p S opt. p S p 'S p S h e - .
: p S ( ) . , .
p 'S, p S opt, T * / T . 1000 2000 p 'S 20 150 (. 5.12), 2 4 p S opt. ~ 0,33 ~ 0,53.
. 5.12. p S T * (T = 216 , h = 0,86, h = 0,94 h = 0,99) |
, , T * max, ( . 5.8 5.12). , , - , p = const .
( " ")
1. , : T *, p S, T , h , h , h .
2. T * , . , .
3. , : p S .
4. p S opt, , p 'S, , T * / T (.. ) . T * / T p S opt p 'S ; p 'S 2 4 p S opt. p * opt p * ', , , .
5. . T * = 1500... 1700 p * = 30... 50 L e 500... 600 / h e 0,5.
6. (, (B) ()) .