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- C++, .

 

:

- ;

- , ;

- ;

- .

C++ -. - C (, printf scanf, ) C++ . - , - . C++.

2.1 C++

-

C++ - string C++.

C- , 0. string , C-, . - . .net, , C-.

 

, , , . , . . , , -, , -, :

 

const int len_str = 100;

char msg[len_str];

 

-. , , , 100 , 99. , - , , :

 

const int len_str = 100;

char msg[len_str] = " ";

 

, ( , ):

 

char msg[ ] = " "; //13

 

char, new mall ( ).

 

char *p = new char[len_str];

 

, . , , .

 

- cin cout, , .

:

 

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>

 

using namespace std;

 

int main()

{

const int n = 80;

char s[n];

cin >> s;

cout << s << endl;

return 0;

}

 

, .

, . , ( , '\n')

, , , getline get istream, cin.

 

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>

 

using namespace std;

 

int main()

{

const int n = 80;

char s[n];

cin.getline(s, n);

cout << s << endl;

return 0;

}

 

getline n - 1 ( ) s, () , , '\0'. n - 1 , , . get , . .

, getl1n , :

 

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>

 

using namespace std;

 

int main()

{

const int n = 80;

char s[n];

while (cin.getline(s, n))

{

cout << s << endl;

};

return 0;

}

 

- , ++ . -, scanf, printf, %s.

, - . , , %c () , :

 

scanf("%10c", s);

 

. %s , :

 

printf("%10s", s);

 

. , , .

, - : gets puts.

gets(s) s ( , -).

puts(s) s , 0 . EOF .

printf , . , - gets puts.

 

, , . ( , ). , p a, strcpy strncpy, strlen.

 

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>

#include <string.h>

 

 

using namespace std;

 

int main()

{

char a[100] = "Working with a strings";

 

size_t m = strlen(a) + 1; // 1 -

 

char *p = new char [m];

 

strcpy(p, a);

strncpy(p, a, strlen(a) + 1);

 

 

return 0;

}

 

. strcpy strncpy , -, . - . : strcpy_s strncpy_s, . , .

 

<string.h>.

strcpy(dst, src) , (src), 0, , (dst). strncpy(dst, src, n) , n , , . - , , n dst -. ( n src) - dst .

. , - -, , .

strlen(src) , -.

, - - ( m 100), , -.

 

atoi(str). , , . , . , 0.

(long) (double) atol atof .

 

//

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>

#include <string.h>

 

using namespace std;

 

int main()

{

char a[] = "15) - - 249 . - 499.99 .";

 

int num;

long quantity;

double price;

 

num = atoi(a);

quantity = atol(&a[12]);//12 - -

price = atof(&a[27]); //27 -

 

cout << num << ' ' << quantity << ' ' << price;

 

return 0;

}

 

. . . ( setlocale(LC_ALL, "Russian")), , .. .

 

, , , .

char. - -, .

- , get() get(char).

, . , , get() get(char).

get() EOF, get(c) , , .

<stdi.h> getchar() , putchar() .

.

 

//

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <iostream>

#include <stdio.h>

 

using namespace std;

 

int main()

{

setlocale(LC_ALL, "Russian");

 

char a, b, c, d, e;

cin >> a >> b;

cout << a << ' ' << b << endl;

 

c = cin.get();

cin.get(d);

 

cout << c << ' ' << d << endl;

 

e = getchar();

putchar(e);

 

return 0;

}

 

, - , (isalfa), (isspace), (ispunct), (isdigit) . . .

 

2.1.4.1 <string.h> (<cstring>) C

 

void *memchr(const void *p, int ch, size_t n);

.

, ch p n.

 

int memcmp(const void *p1, const void *p2, size_t n);

: , strcmp.

 

void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n);

n src dest.

 

void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n);

memcpy, dest src .

 

void *memset(const void *, int ch, size_t n);

, ch.

 

char *strcat(char *s1, char *s2);

s2 s1 s1. -.

 

char *strchr(char *s, int ch);

ch s, , NULL.

 

int strcmp(char *s1, char *s2);

( s1 s2), ( s1 s2) ( s1 s2) .

 

char *strcoll(char *s1, char *s2);

strcmp, .

 

char *strcpy(char *s1, char *s2);

s2 s1 s1.

 

size_t strcspn(char *s1, char *s2);

s2 s1.

 

char *strerror(size_t n);

n.

 

struct tm strftime(char *s, size_t size, fmt, const struct tm *ctm);

fmt tm

fmt. time_t, tm.

 

size_t strlen(char *s);

( ).

 

char *strncat(char *s1, char *s2, size_t n);

n

s2 s1 s1. s2 - s1. s2 n, s2. s1 -. , .

 

int strncmp(char *s1, char *s2, size_t n);

n

n ( s1 s2), ( s1 s2) ( s1 s2) .

 

char *strncpy(char *s1, char *s2, size_t n);

n

n s2 s1 s1. n, - s1 . - n- . , .

 

char *strpbrk(char *s1, char *s2);

, s2 s1, , NULL.

 

char *strrchr(char *s,int ch);

ch s , , NULL.

 

size_t strspn(char *s1, char *s2);

,

s1, s2.

 

char *strstr(char *s1, char *s2);

s2 s1. , s1, s2, NULL .

 

double strtod(const char *str, char **end);

. +/-HUGE_VAL 0. errno ERANGE. end , .

 

char *strtok(char *s1, char *s2);

s1, s2.

 

double strtol(const char *str, char **end, int radix);

radix . , . end char*; . LONG_ LONG_MIN. 0. errno ERANGE.

 

double strtoul(const char *str, char **end, int radix);

strtol, . ULONG_MAX.

 

size_t strxfrm(char *s1, char *s2, size_t n);

s2 s1 . n .

 

2.1.4.2 <stdio.h> (<cstdio>) - C

 

int snprintf(wchar_t *buffer, const wchar_t *format[, argument, ]);

buffer , , , , format. sprintf .

 

int swscanf(const wchar_t *buf, const wchar_t *format,...);

scanf , , , . buf , , format , , , . sscanf .

 

int sprintf(char *buffer, const char *format[,argument, ]);

buffer , , , , format.

 

int sscanf(const char *buf, const char *format [,par1, par2, ]);

scanf , , , . buf , , format , , , .

 

2.1.4.3<ctype.h> (<cctype>)

 

int tolower(int ch);

ch . ch .

 

int toupper(int ch);

ch . ch .

 

int towlower(wint_t ch);

ch . tolower .

 

int towupper(wint_t ch);

ch . toupper .

 

int isalnum(int ch);

,

ch true, ch , false .

 

int isalpha(int ch);

,

ch true, ch , false .

 

int iscntrl(int ch);

,

ch true, ch ( line feed, del, , 0x01 01F ( ASCII)), false .

 

int isdigit(int ch);

,

ch true, ch , false .

 

int isgraph(int ch);

,

ch true, ch ( , . .) false .

 

int islower(int ch);

,

ch true, ch , false .

 

int isprint(int ch);

,

ch true, ch (isgraph + ), false .

 

int ispunct(int ch);

,

ch true, ch ( , , , ), false .

 

int isspace(int ch);

,

ch true, ch , , ( ), false .

 

int isupper(int ch);

,

ch true, ch , false .

 

int iswalnum(wint_t h);

,

true, ch , false . isalnum .

 

int iswalpha(wint_t ch);

,

true, ch , false . isalpha .

 

int iswcntrl(wint_t h);

,

true, ch ( line feed, del, , 001 0x1F ( ASCII)), false . iscntrl .

 

int iswctype(wint_t , wctype_t desc);

, c desc, .

 

int iswdigit(wint_t h);

,

true, ch , false . isdigit .

 

int iswgraph(wint_t h);

,

true, ch ( , . .) false . isgraph .

 

int iswlower(wint_t h);

,

true, ch , false . islower .

 

int iswprint(wint_t h);

,

true, ch (iswgraph + ), false . isprint .

 

int iswpunct(wint_t h):

,

true, ch ( , , , ), false . ispunct .

 

int iswspace(wint_t h);

,

true, ch , , ( ), false . iss .

 

int iswupper(wint_t h);

,

true, ch , false . isupper .

 

int iswxdigit(wint_t ch);

,

true, ch (, F ), false . isxdigit .

 

int isxdigit(int h);

,

ch true, ch (, A F ), false .

 

-

C++ :

- streambuf , , , .

- ios -.

- istream ostream ios .

- iostream , , .

- ifstream, ofstream fstream -.

- istrstream ostrstream ( ).

 

<iostream>. , <fstream> ( -), <iomanip> ( ) <strstream> ( ).

 

- C++ -, .

 

11.1 - C++

cin istream ().
cout ostream ().
cerr ostream () .
clog ostream () .

 

- C++ istream ostream. (>>), . ostream (<<); .

- : -, .

- 2.

 

ios ( ) _state ( 11.2).

 

 

11.2

goodbit ( - , 0 ).
eofbit , .
failbit . .
badbit , . , .

 

ios .

- int rdstate(); .

- bool eof(); true, eofbit.

- bool good(); true, .

- bool fail(); true, failbit badbit.

- bool bad(); true, badbit.

- void clear(int = 0); ( ) .

- void setstate(int); .

- operator void *(); , - .

- bool operator!(); true, - .

 

- - . :

- ifstream .

- ofstream .

- fstream , .

 

istream, ostream iostream. , ( << >> , , ..).

, , -, , -, , .

 

.

- , :

- ifstream();

- ofstream();

- fstream();

- , , . , ( Windows );

- ifstream(const char *name, int mode=ios::in, long prot=0666);

- ofstream(const char *name, int mode=ios::out, long prot=0666);

- fstream(const char *name, int mode, long prot = 0666);

- , . :

- ifstream(int file);

- ofstream(int file);

- fstream(int file);

- , ; :

- ifstream(int file, char *buf, int len);

- ofstream(int file, char *buf, int len);

- fstream(int file, char *buf, int len);

 

, , open(), .

mode, , . ios , 11.3.

 

11.3. ios

.
ate .
binary ( ) .
in .
out .
trunc , .

 

OR. ifstream ofstream mode ios::in ios::out.

close(), .

, .

failbit.





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