describing the true nature of a personage. Short [ ∫ ɔ:t] insets [in'sets] of interior [эn'tэərэə] speech represent mental and emotional reactions of a character to remarks or actions of
other characters [Kukharenko, 2003: 109; Kukharenko, 2004: 174]. But when the writer does not interfere into the process of a character‘s thinking it results in stream-of-consciousness technique.
Internal [эn'tɜ:nəl] (interior, [эn'tэərэə] or leonine ['li:ənaɪn] rhyme) is used within a line e.g., William Shakespeare‘s “Hark; hark! The lark at heaven‟s gate sings ‖.
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Inversion [ n'vɜ: ∫ (ə)n] is the syntactic reversal of the normal order of the words and phrases in a sentence.
Linguistic [lɪŋ'gwɪstɪk] stylistics studies the language units of all levels from the point of view of effectiveness of their employment in definite types of speech.
Literary ['lэtərərэ] (high-flown) words are traditionally linked with poetic, bookish, or written speech.
Literary ['lэtərərэ] stylistics deals with artistic expressiveness characteristic of a literary work, literary trend or epoch, and factors which influence it.
Litotes [laɪ'təuti:z] ( Gk ‗ single, simple, meagre ‘ ) presents a statement in the form of negation and has a specific semantic and syntactic structure: the usage of not before a word with a negative prefix.
Meiosis [ma 'əus s] ( Gk ‗ lessening ‘ ) or understatement
is a deliberate underestimation for emphasis.
Metaphor ['metəfə] ( Gk ‗ carrying from one place to another ‘) is a secondary nomination unit based on likeness, similarity or affinity (real or imaginary) of some features of two different objects.
Method ['meиəd] of stylistic experiment [эk'sperэmənt] lies in substitution of the writer‘s words, utterances or constructions for new ones with the stylistic aim.
Metonymy [me'tɔnəmɪ] ( Gk ‗ name change ‘) is a stylistic figure in which the name of one thing is substituted for that of something else closely associated with it as in, the White House
(meaning the President or the whole executive branch), or the pen is mightier than the sword (meaning written words are more powerful than military force).
Metre (meter) ['mi:tə] in poetry is the rhythmic pattern of a poetic line.
Narration [nə're ∫(ə)n] is the author‘s story about the events and about the actions of personages. The basic types of narration are first and third person narration.
Neutral ['nju:trəl] words possess no stylistic colouring and can be employed in all styles of language.
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Nomenclature [nəu'menkləʧə] words are very close to terms: they refer to a definite branch of human activity, mainly professional, e.g. names of minerals, chemical elements, types of cars etc.
Nominative ['nɔmɪnətɪv] sentences are one-member sentences with a noun, a prepositional noun-phrase, or an adverb.
Norm [nɔ:m] is the invariant of the phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic patterns circulating in language-in-action at a given period of time [Galperin, 1977: 19].
Onomatopoeia [НɔnəНmжtə'pi:ə] ( Gk ‗ name-making ‘) is the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (such as buzz, hiss, zoom, whiz, crash, ding-dong, pitter-patter, yakety-yak). Onomatopoeia may also refer to the use of words whose sound suggests the sense.
other (deafening silence, wise folly, crowded loneliness, unanswerable reply).
Parallelism ['pжrəlelэz(ə)m] (Gk ‗ alongside one another ‘) is a repetition of similar syntactic structures in close proximity.
Periphrasis [pə'rɪfrəsɪs] (Gk ‗ peri – around; phraseo – speak‘) is a roundabout way of speaking or writing; known also as circumlocution.
Personification [pəНsɔnɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] (L ‗ persona – person, facere – do‘) is based on ascribing some features and characteristics of a person to lifeless objects – mostly to abstract notions, such as thoughts, actions, intentions,
emotions, seasons, of the year.
Plot [plɔt] is an author‘s careful arrangement of events in a narrative to achieve a desired effect. It is a series of actions, often presented in chronological order.
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· archaic words (commix – mix, nay – no, whereof – of which, to deem – to think);
· archaic forms (vale – valley, maketh – makes, thou willt – you will, brethren – brothers);
· historical words (argosy – large merchant ship,
yeomen – vassal);
· poetic words proper (―refined‖) (quoth – said, woe – sorrow, charger, courser, steed, barb – horse, main – ocean, spouse – wife, husband).
Polysyndeton [Нpɔlɪ'sɪndətən] (Gk ‗ much compounded ‘) is opposite to asyndeton and means a repetition of conjunctions in close succession which are used to connect sentences, clauses, or words and make the utterance more rhythmical.
Practical ['prжktɪk(ə)l] stylistics is a discipline that deals with general knowledge about language and speech styles, stylistic norms, stylistic means, and ways of employment of language means for correct organization of speech.
Professionalisms [prə'feʃ(ə)n(ə)lɪz(ə)mz] are words connected with productive activities of people united by a common occupation or profession.
Pun [pʌn] is a play on words based on homonymous and polysemantic words to create a sense of surprise.
Quantitative ['kwɔntɪtətɪv] method ['meиəd] consists in defining the quantitative properties of a language phenomenon.
Repetition [Нrepэ'tэ∫(ə)n] is a reiteration of the same word or phrase to lay an emphatic stress on certain parts of the sentence. Various types of repetition can be found in fiction:
· ordinary ['ɔ:d(ə)n(ə)rɪ] repetition, i.e. a repetition of a word in close succession;
· anaphora: [ə'nжf(ə)rə] the beginning of two or more successive sentences (clauses) is repeated;
· epiphora [e'pэfərə]: the end of successive sentences (clauses) is repeated;
· framing ['freɪmɪŋ] or ring repetition, i.e. a repetition in which the opening word or phrase is repeated at the end of the sentence or a group of sentences;
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· anadiplosis [Нжnədэ'plousэs] or catch [kжt∫] repetition, i.e. device in which the last word or phrase of one clause, sentence, or line is repeated at the beginning of the next;
· chain [ʧeɪn] repetition, i.e. a combination of catch repetitions.
Represented [ Н ri:prэ'zentэd] (reported) speech [spi:t∫] is a mixture of the viewpoints and language spheres of both the author and the character [Kukharenko, 2003: 110].
This type of speech resembles interior speech in essence, but differs in manifestation. It is delivered in the third person singular and may contain the author‘s remarks.
Rhetorical [rɪ'tɒrɪk(ə)l] questions are negative or affirmative statements rather than questions, possible answers being implied by the question itself.
Rhyme [raэm] (also spelled rime) is the correspondence of two or more words with similar-sounding final syllables placed so as to echo one another.
In exact [ɪg'zжkt] rhyme [raэm] sounds following the vowel sound are the same: red and bread, walk to her and talk to her.
In eye [aэ] rhyme [raэm] syllables are identical in spelling but are pronounced differently (cough / slough).
In feminine ['femənэn] rhyme [raэm] (sometimes called
double rhyme) two syllables rhyme.
In masculine ['mжskjulэn] rhyme [raэm] two words end with the same vowel-consonant combination
In pararhyme two syllables have different vowel sounds but identical penultimate and final consonantal groupings (grand / grind).
In trisyllabic [Нtraэsэ`lжbэk] rhyme [raэm] three syllables rhyme.
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Rhyme [raэm] scheme is the formal arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or a poem. The rhyme scheme is usually presented with lowercase letters of the Latin alphabet (as ababbcbcc, in the case of the Spenserian stanza), each different letter presenting a different rhyme.
Rhythm ['rэиəm] in verse or prose is the movement or sense of movement communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables and by the duration of the syllables.
Semantico-stylistic analysis method (stylistic analysis) aims at defining the correlation between the language means employed for expressive conveyance of intellectual, emotional or aesthetic content of speech (or text) and the content of information.
Semasiology [sɪНmeɪsɪ'ɒləʤɪ] is a branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of linguistic units of different language levels.
Separation or syntactic split [splэt] is the splitting of a noun phrase by the attribute adjunct which is removed from the word it modifies.
Simile ['sэməlэ] (L ‗ similie – similar‘) is an explicit statement of partial identity (affinity, likeness, similarity) of two objects.
Slang [slжŋ] words are low colloquial words used by members of one social group.
Slant [sla:nt] rhyme [raэm] (or near rhyme, imperfect rhyme) happens when final consonant sounds are the same but the vowel sounds are different: sun rhyming with bone, moon, rain, green, gone.
