Prominent Russian psychologist, founder original, multi-level system of temperament V. S. Merlin (1892-1982) was supplemented by the doctrine of temperament, highlighting such properties:
the sensitivity, or the sensitivity, which has the lowest strength of the stimulus that causes a mental reaction. From sensitive people, the reaction occurs with very low intensity of the stimulus, because they have the highest sensitivity (melancholic);
reactivity is determined by the strength of emotional response and is manifested in the power and energy of people reacting to the impact. No wonder some people say, "testy", "start with a half-turn" and other people "do Not understand were you happy or upset". Reactive people are susceptible, emotionally responds to external or internal effects (everything except the phlegmatic);
activity a property which manifests itself in the vigour with which man acts on the external world, is the tenacity with which he overcomes obstacles to achieve goals;
the ratio of activity and reactivity is a special property that indicates how much the element of chance in human activities, how its behavior and operation depend on random circumstances (mood, emotional reactions, raising "left foot", etc.) and far from the goals and objectives which it sets itself;
the rate of mental reactions characterizes the rapidity of the flow of all mental processes, motor responses and actions;
plasticity and rigidity are manifest in how easily and quickly people adapt to external influences. Plasticity is characterized by lightness, adaptable to changing conditions; people instantly rebuilds the behavior when changing circumstances (sanguine). Rigidity is characterized by inertia, inability to adapt quickly to any changes, stereotyped behavior, difficulties in changing habits, attachments, and judgments;
extraversion introversion. These properties are expressed in the underlying interest or to the outside world (extraversion) or the internal world of images, thoughts, and feelings (introversion). From this orientation dependent features of the response and activities of people, their points of contact or isolation.
Thus, temperament can be defined as the characteristics of the dynamic features of his mental activity, i.e. tempo, rhythm, intensity of mental processes and States, degree of emotionality.
German psychologist and psychiatrist E. Kretschmer (1888-1964) identified the nature and temperament. In his famous work "the Structure of body and character" (1921), he attempted to identify the relationship between psychological makeup of man and the structure of his body.
System of E. Kretschmer intended for the diagnosis of mental illness and allowed to anticipate the direction and shape of the negative changes of the individual psyche. He came to the conclusion that there are three basic types of bodily organization.
1. Picnic the man with the largest internal organs and weak muscles, limited mobility, a tendency of the torso to obesity. He's of average height, stout figure, a soft broad face on a short massive neck, the nose "potato"; men are prone to baldness (Yury Luzhkov).
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Endomorph body type has cyclothymic whose emotions fluctuate between joy and sadness, he is gregarious, good-natured, realistic views.
Traits picnic-Cyclotimia: constantly relaxed state, smooth emotions, it is characterized by love of physical comfort, enjoyment, tolerance. In case of difficulty he needs the company of other people, as a rule, it can be classified as "good family man". Intoxicated relaxed and sociable.
2. Athletic is characterized by strong development of the skeleton and muscles, tall; he is broad shoulders, powerful chest, slim waist, with a confident posture, it elastic skin and a Greek nose (Arnold Schwarzenegger).
This body type have isotonic two types: either self-confident, aggressive; or malovrazumitelnye, with simple gestures and facial expressions, with low flexibility of thinking.
Traits athletic-isotimia: decisiveness, risk tolerance, dominance, lust for power, aggressiveness, courage, psychological "thick skin", energy, a love of noisy pastime, lack of compassion and tact. Intoxicated smug and aggressive; in times of need, but not in others.
3. Astenik people of delicate Constitution, thin, with a predominance of the linear dimensions; they have a flat chest, narrow shoulders, long face, long, thin gravelly nose; highly developed nervous system (F. M. Dostoevsky).
Such a structure of the body have sistemico sensitive, vulnerable, prone to abstraction and speculation people.
Traits of astenik-sistemico: difficulties in communication (social phobia), the desire to communicate with younger, stealth, the ability to control their emotions, increased anxiety, level of attention (always on guard); restraint movements, stiffness. In addition, there are some features, such as increased sensitivity to pain, resentment, chronic fatigue, resistance to alcohol and depressants. In times of need privacy.
REFERENCES:
1. Elena Ovsyannikova, A. Serebryakov/ Fundamentals of psychology//http://www.ozon.ru/context/detail/id/32828679/
2. Maklakov A. General psychology. Part 4 of the Mental properties of the personality, Chapter 24 Temperament//http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Psihol/makl/24.php
3. Dr. William Sheldon on Constitutional psychology//http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/sheldon.html
4. Biological Processes in Temperament Mary Klevjord Rothbart University of Oregon/http://www.bowdoin.edu/~sputnam/rothbart-temperament-questionnaires/cv/publications/pdf/1989_Rothbart_Biological%20processes%20of%20temperament.pdf
5. Wikipedia
