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FAQ

(3 )

/++

C/C++
1.

C/C++ :

1.:

char ( ) char ch='q';
short short int . char Short a=28;
int . short int a=20;
long . int long s=3;

2.:

float Float a, b, c=0.93;
double . float double d=56.078;

, - . , , , . , . , () .

C/C++ . .

C/C++
2.

c . . :

// 3 . int z[3]; // . z[0]=4; z[1]=-4; z[2]=13;

, , . , 10 , , 10.

. . c , 1 , . . . 10 , 9.

. :

// 6 . int z[3][2]; // . z[0][0]=4; z[1][0]=-4;

, , .

, , (. . ).

. - , , . . . . , , - , , , .

. . . , , n, :

int z[n]; //!

n , .

 

C/C++
3.

. :

#include <iostream.h>void main(){ cout<<"Hello World!\n";}

"Hello World!".

.

#include <iostream.h>

. #. include . iostream.h. , - . include . .

main. C/C++ ( ). ( ) . (void , - ). . ( ). .

.

... cout<<"Hello World!\n";...

cout - (, ( c - console, out - )). () "Hello World!". , (<< - , ). - >> . \n. . \n .

C/C++ ( char, ).

C/C++ . - , , , , Delphi.

 
 
C/C++ 4. for , , 2 : , , , , . - , , 10 (, 10 ). - ( , ). for . . : ... int z[3]; // . for(int i=0; i<3; i++){ z[i]=i; } . for ( , for ). , . - . i 0 ( ). - . , . , . - . 1. i++ i 1 ( : i=i+1 - ). , i :   ... for(int i=0;...){... . , , i : int i;... for(i=0;...){... for . : int z[3][2]; // . for(int i=0; i<3; i++){ for(int j=0; j<2; j++){ z[i][j]=0; } } . : int n=0; for(int i=0, int j=0; i<3, j<2; i++, j++){ n++; } 2 n 2. - , . . , ( i<3, j<2;) .

 

 

 

 
 
 

C/C++
5. while

while, for, , , .

while 2 : while do-while. - while , do-while 1 . - ( ), do-while.

:

while(a>0){...//- };

, a>0. , . a , .

do-while:

int password;do{ cout<<"\nEnter password"; cin>>password; // .}while(password!=123);

, 123 . . . , while - , .

, while .

, , , - - :

int a = 5;while(a>0){ cout<<"*";// .}

a 0 .

   
 
C/C++ 6. 3. , . (. . ) , . , , ( #include), ( #define) . , . ( , - , ). #. . Visual C++, - , . , Visual C++ . *.cpp test.cpp. #include "test2.h"#define pi 3.14void main(){ float z=2*pi;} . - . - #include . test2.h. ( ) , . ( - ): struct v{ int x, y;}; - #define. pi, . , , . Alt+F7 ( Project Settings) C/C++. Project Options: , /MLd /Fo"Debug/" /P , , . , OK. ( F7). test.i : #line 1 "D:\\_programming\\cpp\\test\\test.cpp"#line 1 "D:\\_programming\\cpp\\test\\test2.h"struct v{ int x, y;};#line 2 "D:\\_programming\\cpp\\test\\test.cpp" void main(){ float z=2*3.14;} , - test2.h pi : ... float z=2*3.14; .

 
 
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C/C++ 7. - , . , 3.1415926 - pi. 2 - #define const. , #define: #include <iostream.h>#define SIZE 10void main(){ int z[SIZE]; for(int i=0; i<SIZE; i++) { z[i]=i; } int sum=0; for(i=0; i<SIZE; i++) { sum+=z[i]; } cout<<sum<<"\n";}   , const: #include <iostream.h>const int size = 10;void main(){ int z[size]; for(int i=0; i<size; i++) { z[i]=i; } int sum=0; for(i=0; i<size; i++) { sum+=z[i]; } cout<<sum<<"\n";} . , . , : ... int z[size];... size . size , .

 
 
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C/C++ 8. , . , : , , . . , . : #include <iostream.h>struct vector{ // x y . float x; float y;};void main(){ // vector. vector d; d.x=2; d.y=-2.5;} , struct. (.): ... d.x=2; , : struct vector{...}; . . : struct vector{ float x; float y; // x y . void SetVector(float x1, float y1){ x=x1; y=y1; } // . void ShowVector(){ cout<<"x="<<x<<", y="<<y<<"\n"; }}; : vector d;... d.SetVector(5, 3); d.ShowVector(); // "x=5, y=3". , .

C/C++
9.

, .

. , ,

- .

:

// . int sum(int a, int b){ return a+b;} void main(){ // . cout<<sum(3, 5);}

, , 8.

sum, - a b.

, . -, :

int sum(int a, int b)...

, :

int sum ()...

-, - :

int sum(int a, b)...

, , return:

int sum(int a, int b){... return a+b;}

- int,

return int.

 

C/C++
10.

. . . .

- ( n ( n!) -

1 n. , 4!=24 (1*2*3*4)):

// .int fact(int n){ if(n>1) { // . return n*fact(n-1); } else { // 1 1. return 1; }}void main(){ // . cout<<fact(5);}

, .

, , 120 (1*2*3*4*5).

 

C/C++
11.

rand (). .

0 RAND_MAX. , 32767 (2 15- 1).

rand() ( RAND_MAX) stdlib.h, :

#include <stdlib.h>

rand():

int k; k=rand();

, rand()

.

- ,

. , ,

. srand, ,

, rand.

srand . , srand

, , , .

 

:

#include <time.h>... srand((unsigned)time(NULL)); cout<<rand()<<"\n";

C/C++
12. (inline)

- . .

, , .

, . , exe- (-

), - , ,

.

(inline) . ,

inline. .

: , exe-

. :

...// . inline int f(int a, int b){ return a*b;}void main(){ // . cout<<f(23, 45)<<"\n"; cout<<f(-23, 77)<<"\n";}

, - inline-.

, . , .

C/C++
13.

, . ,

. :

#include <iostream.h>void f(int a){ a++; // a 1.}void main(){ int k=20; f(k); cout<<k<<"\n"; // 20.}

1, main k 20,

.

. , .

:

...void f(int & a){ a++; // a 1.}void main(){ int k=20; f(k); cout<<k<<"\n"; // 21.}

f , main k .

:

...void f(int & a){...

, (&).

C/C++
14.

Windows 4 .

, .

. - . Windows

: 0x0D56FF23. 0x .

- 0 9 A, B, C, D, E, F. ,

8 ( , 4 ).

, , -

int z;

( ,

- 4 ) z. -

( - 0x00FD240A) z.

. z z.

. & ( ).

 

 

:

int z;cout<< &z; // z.

- 0x0012FF7C.

:

int z[3]; //cout<<z; // .

(. . ). -

.

 

 

C/C++ 15. - C/C++. , . , . , - , . . . , , , - , . , , , . . , , float - float. : , . : int * p1; // .bool * p2; // bool. - . . . new. : int z=20; int *p=&z; p z. - new: int *p=new int; , . - (heap). ( ) . , p () . , , (. . ), . : ...*p=123; // 123 , p.cout<<p<<"\n"; // (, 0x0012FF7C)cout<<*p<<"\n"; // 123; . . , , . , - . - NULL. : int *p=NULL; NULL 0, 0 NULL. . - .

 
 
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C/C++
16. sizeof

sizeof , .

, . :

int z; cout<<sizeof(int)<<"\n"; // 4. cout<<sizeof(z)<<"\n"; // 4.

. :

struct vector{ float x; float y;};void main(){ vector s; cout<<sizeof(s)<<"\n"; // 8.}

8, float 4 2 float.

C/C++
17.

- , (

, ).

, , exe- . -

.

C++ - .

:

int fig; // .

, ( ).

//.

:

/* .*/int x;int y;

/* */.

C/C++
18.

. - ping

( ip- , ), copy (

).

main.

( exe-

), - .

, :

#include <iostream.h>void main(int argc, char* argv[]){ for(int i=0; i<argc; i++) { // exe- // . cout<<argv[i]<<"\n"; }}

: argc - . (,

exe-) 1. char*. char* -

, . -

exe-, - , - (,

).

.

:

IDE.

, , Visual C++.NET. Properties:

Property Pages Debugging Command Arguments:

C/C++
19.

- () .

. - , float

int - ,

. , , :

... int a; float b=2.78;... a=b; // !

int float. ,

.

, , float int. :

... a= (int) b;...

- . , ,

char int :

... char ch='A'; // 65 - 'A'. cout<<(int)ch; int a=7; // ( 7). cout<<(char)a;...

, char - int.

C/C++
20.

, C/C++ . char, char'.

C++ , str.

:

#include <iostream.h>#include <string.h>void main(){ char* ch="Roman"; char ch1[30]; // cout<<strlen(ch)<<"\n"; // strcpy(ch1, ch); cout<<ch1<<"\n"; // , cout<<strlen(ch1)<<"\n"; // if(strcmp(ch, "Roma")==0) { cout<<"Strings are equal\n"; } else { cout<<"Strings are not equal\n"; } // () strcpy(ch1, "Roman"); strcat(ch1, " Alexeev"); // "Roman Alexeev" cout<<ch1<<"\n";}

include:

...#include <string.h>...

strcmp. , ; ,

, , ,

; , , .

C/C++
21.

. ,

, .

:

#include <iostream.h>void f(int arr[2]){ // . arr[0]=11; arr[1]=12;}void main(){ int a[2]={1, -1}; // . f(a); // . cout<<a[0]<<"\n"; cout<<a[1]<<"\n";}

11 12.

, , (. . , ),

(&).

, - , (

) . , . . .

C/C++
22.

, , ,

, . ,

- , , int float.

.

, :

#include <iostream.h>// .template <class T>T max(T a, T b){ if(a>b) { return a; } else { return b; }}void main(){ // . int x = 45, y = 32; cout<<max(x, y)<<"\n"; // 45. // . float s = 4.18, t = 34.08; cout<<max(s, t)<<"\n"; // 34.08. }

. template T

(T - ):

template <class T>...

,

T:

T max(T a, T b)...

, T.

- T, , void.

,

.

. (

max) (int float ).

.

 

C/C++
23.

.

, , , -1.

#include <iostream.h>// .template <class T>int find(T *arr, T a, int n){ for(int i=0; i<n; i++) { if(arr[i]==a) { return i; } } return -1;}void main(){ // . int z[4] = {5, 7, -2, 66}; int res; res = find(z, 66, 4); cout<<res<<"\n"; // 3. // . bool b[3] = {true, true, true}; res = find(b, false, 3); cout<<res<<"\n"; // -1.}

3 : - , (,

, T *arr), -

, - .

 
C/C++ 24. . - - . , . : #include <iostream.h>// .class CRect{ float m_a, m_b; //.public: // . // . void SetA(float a); void SetB(float b); float GetA(); float GetB(); float GetSquare(); //. float GetPerim(); //. bool IsSquare(); // .}; // !void main(){ // . CRect r; r.SetA(5); r.SetB(3); cout<<"Perimeter = "<<r.GetPerim()<<"\n"; cout<<"Square = "<<r.GetSquare()<<"\n"; if(r.IsSquare()) { cout<<"Square\n"; //. } else { cout<<"Not a quare\n"; // . }}// .// .void CRect::SetA(float a){ if(a>0) { m_a = a; } else { m_a = 1; }}void CRect::SetB(float b){ if(b>0) { m_b = b; } else { m_b = 1; }}float CRect::GetA(){ return m_a;}float CRect::GetB(){ return m_b;}//.float CRect::GetSquare(){ return m_a*m_b;}//.float CRect::GetPerim(){ return (m_a+m_b)*2;}// .bool CRect::IsSquare(){ return (m_a==m_b);} , 16, - 15 - . , , . , . -, ( , , , ). -, ( public private ( private , m_a m_b)). main ( r) - , . . main () r. .

 
 
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C/C++
25.

, .

, :

class MyClass{ // .};

MyClass , , .

- .

- . C/C++ - int, char,

float . ,

. .

, . ,

( ) . -

( ).

3 - public ( ), private ( )

protected ( ( )).

private - . . . m_a m_b private

:

class CRect{ float m_a, m_b; //....

m_a m_b private ? -

. GetA/B

SetA/B - :

... void SetA(float a); void SetB(float b); float GetA(); float GetB();...

, , public . , ,

:

...void CRect::SetA(float a){ if(a>0) { m_a = a; } else { m_a = 1; }}...

( , ,

):

void CRect:: SetA(...)...

SetA/B , .

, , .

, , , ,

- return.

main :

void main(){ // . CRect r;...

- A B, .:

... r.SetA(5); r.SetB(3); cout<<"Perimeter = "<<r.GetPerim()<<"\n"; cout<<"Square = "<<r.GetSquare()<<"\n";...

, , r.

: , , :

r.SetA (5);

:

CRect w, v;CRect z[5];

.

 

C/C++
26.

- . . ,

( ).

.

. .

, , -

. , CRect, CRect,

- ~CRect.

. (

). , - .

. . - .

, -

( -).

. , ( void). , ,

.

. ( ),

( ).

:

CRect{ float m_a, m_b; //.public: // . CRect(); // . CRect(float a. float b); // . ~CRect(); // ....};...// .CRect::CRect(){ // () . m_a = 0; m_b = 0;}CRect::CRect(float a. float b){ // , . m_a = a; m_b = b;}CRect::~CRect(){ // . cout<<"Destructor\n";}

main:

void main(){ // . CRect r; // . cout<<"Perimeter = "<<r.GetPerim()<<"\n"; // 0. cout<<"Square = "<<r.GetSquare()<<"\n"; // 0. CRect r1(2, 3); // . cout<<"Perimeter = "<<r1.GetPerim()<<"\n"; // 10. cout<<"Square = "<<r1.GetSquare()<<"\n"; // 6. // 2 - r r1. // , "Destructor".}

GetPerim GetSquare 24.

C/C++
27.

- - :

CMyClass z;

, , (at heap - .

15. , , , - - ,

- , -

, (, ,

).

new.

. :

CMyClass * z;z = new CMyClass; // .

, . . new.

:

CMyClass * z = new CMyClass; // .

, :

// .CMyClass * z = new CMyClass(22);// .CMyClass * z = new CMyClass(22, 44);

( ) - .

,

(. . new) . :

CMyClass * z = new CMyClass;z->SomeMethod();
 
28. : - - , . ( CData), , , , , . , . CData: // .class CData{public: // . int a; int b; // CData. CData * m_pNext; // . CData() { a = 0; b = 0; m_pNext = NULL; } CData(int a1, int b1) { a = a1; b = b1; m_pNext = NULL; }}; , - (a b) m_pNext CData * - . . . ( - , CData) , - . . - m_pNext NULL ( ). . - CList. . : // .class CList{public: // . CData * m_pFirst; // . CList(); // . void Add(CData * pNext); // . CData * GetLast();}; , m_pFirst CData *. . (. CData) . . CList: // .CList::CList(){ m_pFirst = NULL;} void CList::Add(CData * pNext){ // // pNext . // . if(m_pFirst!=NULL) { GetLast()->m_pNext = pNext; } else { // , // . m_pFirst = pNext; }} CData * CList::GetLast(){ // . CData * pCurr = m_pFirst; // , NULL. if(pCurr == NULL) { return NULL; } // . while(pCurr->m_pNext!=NULL) { pCurr = pCurr->m_pNext; } return pCurr;} , (m_pFirst = NULL). Add, . , GetLast, . , , .  

( ) - . , (. . new) . :

CMyClass * z = new CMyClass;z->SomeMethod();

 

 

C/C++
29.

CList, .

while, , .

CList ShowAll:

class CList{public:... // . void ShowAll();};

:

void CList::ShowAll(){ // . CData * pCurr = m_pFirst; // , . if(pCurr == NULL) { cout<<"List is empty.\n"; } // . do{ // . cout<<"a="<<pCurr->a<<", b="<<pCurr->b<<"\n"; // pCurr . // NULL, . }while((pCurr = pCurr->m_pNext)!=NULL);}

. , :

void main(){ CList list; CData *pData; int a, b; for(int i = 0; i<3; i++) { cout<<"Enter a:"; cin>>a; cout<<"\n"; cout<<"Enter b:"; cin>>b; cout<<"\n"; pData = new CData(a, b); list.Add(pData); list.ShowAll(); }}

. a b ,

, .

 

C/C++
30.

. FindData ,

. -

(a b), FindData .

:

CData * CList::FindData(int a, int b){ // . CData * pCurr = m_pFirst; // , NULL. if(pCurr == NULL) { return NULL; } // . do{ // , . if(pCurr->a == a && pCurr->b == b) { return pCurr; } // pCurr . // NULL, . }while((pCurr = pCurr->m_pNext)!=NULL); // , NULL. return NULL;}

. , , ,

NULL.

 

 
 
     
C/C++ 31. . : // .class CList{public: // ? bool IsEmpty(); // . CData * GetPrev(CData * p);... - . , . : bool CList::IsEmpty(){ return m_pFirst==NULL;} ( , CData , - ). : CData * CList::GetPrev(CData *p){ // // (. . ) // NULL. if(p==m_pFirst) return NULL; // . CData * pCurr = m_pFirst; do{ // // // , if(pCurr->m_pNext==p){ // . return pCurr; } // pCurr . }while((pCurr = pCurr->m_pNext)!=NULL); return NULL;} .

 

  

 

C/C++
32.

- .

- .

( ):

bool CList::RemoveData(int a, int b){ // if(IsEmpty()) // . return false; // . CData * pData = FindData(a, b); // if(pData == NULL) // . return false; // - . if(pData == m_pFirst){ // . m_pFirst = pData->m_pNext; // , . delete pData; // . return true; } // - . // , , // , . GetPrev(pData)->m_pNext = pData->m_pNext; // , . delete pData; // . return true;}

. , true, , false. (GetPrev, FindData), .

C/C++ 33. , . - . , (. . , , ( )). #include <iostream.h>// .int sum(int n,...) { // . int *p = &n; // . p++; // // . int res = 0; // . for(int i=0; i<n; i++){ // . res+=(*p); // . p++; } // . return res;} void main(){ int r = 0; // 5 . r = sum(5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 500); cout<<"Sum = "<<r<<"\n";} (...). , ( int), . - , . : ... int *p = &n;... ( n) - : ... p++;... 510.

C/C++
34.

- .

GetCount() - Change(CData * p) - 2 - , .

GetCount :

class CList{public:... // . int GetCount();...

:

int CList::GetCount(){ // . CData * pCurr = m_pFirst; // , 0. if(pCurr == NULL) { return 0; } int count = 1; // . // . while(pCurr->m_pNext!=NULL) { // . pCurr = pCurr->m_pNext; // .

<== | ==>
. . | .
:

: 2016-12-17; !; : 257 |

:

:

, , .
==> ...

1685 - | 1588 -


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