1. .
1.1. (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+).
. :
Li+ -.
Na+ .
K+ .
Rb+ .
Cs+ .
. , . , :
3Li+ + PO43- = Li3PO4↓
Li3PO4 + 3HNO3 = 3LiNO3 + H3PO4
K+ Rb+ H2[SiF6] :
2Me+ + [SiF6]2- = Me2[SiF6]↓ (Me = K, Rb)
Cs+ -:
Me+ + ClO4- = MeClO4↓ (Me = K, Rb, Cs).
1.2. - (Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+).
- : . , - , , .
:
Ca2+ -.
Sr2+ -.
Ba2+ -.
. : . Ca2+ - CO32-:
Ca2+ + CO32- = CaCO3↓
:
2H+ + CO32- = H2O + CO2↑
Ba2+, Sr2+ - , :
Sr2+ + SO42- = SrSO4↓
Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4↓
1.3. (II) Pb2+, (I) Ag+, (I) Hg+, (II) Hg2+. .
: . .
( ), ( - ):
Pb2+ + 2I- = PbI2↓
, - , :
Ag+ + Cl- = AgCl↓
Ag+ + Br- = AgBr↓
Ag+ + I- = AgI↓
, ( ) , . . , . . :
AgHal + 2Na2S2O3 = Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaHal, (Hal = Cl, Br, I).
. . AgCl. AgBr AgI :
AgCl + 2NH3 = [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
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:
2Ag+ + 2OH- = Ag2O↓ + H2O
, .
1.4. Al3+, (III) Cr3+, Zn2+, (II) Sn2+. , . .
Al3+ + 3OH- = Al(OH)3↓ + 3OH- = [Al(OH)6]3-
Cr3+ + 3OH- = Cr(OH)3↓ + 3OH- = [Cr(OH)6]3-
Zn2+ + 2OH- = Zn(OH)2↓ + 2OH- = [Zn(OH)4]2-
Sn2+ + 2OH- = Sn(OH)2↓ + 2OH- = [Sn(OH)4]2-
, Al3+, Cr3+ Sn2+ . , . Zn2+ . Zn(OH)2, :
Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 = [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2
, [Cr(OH)6]3-, - - CrO42-:
2[Cr(OH)6]3- + 3Br2 + 4OH- = 2CrO42- + 6Br- + 8H2O
1.5. (II) (III) Fe2+, Fe3+. . Fe2+ (II) Fe(OH)2 . , Fe(OH)2 N2.
Fe3+ (III) FeO(OH) . : Fe(OH)3 ( ). Fe(OH)3.
Fe2+:
Fe2+ + 2OH- = Fe(OH)2↓
Fe(OH)2 (III):
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3
Fe3+:
Fe3+ + 3OH- = Fe(OH)3↓
Fe3+ - SCN-, (III) Fe(SCN)3, - ( ):
Fe3+ + 3SCN- = Fe(SCN)3
(III) :
6NaF + Fe(SCN)3 = Na3[FeF6] + 3NaSCN
.
Fe3+, .
1.6. (II) Mn2+. +2 +7. - - -. :
2Mn(NO3)2 + 5PbO2 + 6HNO3 = 2HMnO4 + 5Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O
1.7. (II) Cu2+, (II) Co2+ (II) Ni2+. :
Cu2+ + 4NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4]2+
. , - .
1.8. NH4+. :
NH4+ + OH- =t= NH3↑ + H2O
.
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