1. R , t = 3270? , = 0,6.
2. R , T = 1000? , = 0,6.
3. 100 10 . , 4 . , 600 , 3% .
4. 1 .. . . 6000 0. 1,5*1011 . 5*108.
5. , (T = 370C)?
6. , (T = 250C)?
7. , (T = 30000)?
8. , (T = 60000)?
9. , (T = 10 . 0)?
10. n = 1,5. .
11. , . = 1,0031, = 1.
12. , . = 81, = 1.
13. = 300 . , L = 1,5. n = 1,5.
14. = 450 . , L = 2. n = 1,5.
15. , n = 1,5, . , 300.
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16. = 520. .
17. = 420. .
18. , = 1 , =1 . = 500 .
19. , = 1 , = . = 500 .
20. ( ), = 1 . = 500 .
21. 4 . . ? = 500 .
22. 4 . . ? = 500 .
23. = 550 , . R = 10 . . , r3 = 3,65 .
24. = 600 , . R = 10 . . , r4 = 3,95 .
25. 500 L = 0,15 . .
26. 300 L = 0,07 . .
27. , . , n = 1,000292. , L = 2 , = 550 .
28. , . , n = 1,000292. , L = 3 , = 500 .
29. , n = 1,3. (( = 420 )?
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30. , n = 1,3. (( = 700 )?
31. , n = 1,3. (( = 550 )?
32. , n = 1,3. (( = 550 )?
33. = 6 . ?
34. = 6 . ?
35. N0 ( 1 ) , = 500 190?
36. N0 (1 ) , = 500 250?
37. = 500 , d = 2,4 .
38. , n = 1,57.
39. , n = 1,33.
40. , , , 4 .
41. , , , 16 .
42. λ = 600.
43. . = 2 .
44. , = 330 . = 2 .
45. . = 4,2 .
46. , = 330 . = 4,2 .
47. -, = 330 . = 4,2 .
48. , 6*1014.
49. -, = 330 . = 3,2 .
50. , ? U = 15 .
51. , ? U = 3 .
52. , ? U = 300 .
53. 500 5*108 /(2*) . .
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54. 600 6*109 /(2*) . .
55. -, = 0,5 ? .
56. , = 500 ?
57. , = 0,5 ?
58. X Y. (β) (z)
X1632 → α24 + Yzβ
59. α- N147 . .
60. ?
61. α-.?
62. α- ?
63. ?
1. ... . . 2001 , 718
2. .., ... . . 2001 , 718
3. ... . .3 . -., 2003 . 336
4. ... . , , 2002 , 327.
5. . ( ..). . 1983 .