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[2]

Gesell, Silvio Gesammelte Werke (Munden: Gauke GMBH Verlag, 1988‑1997) 18 Volumes (reprint of Original editions from 1891‑1928)

[3]

5 . " ".

[4]

" ", 7 .

[5]

" . , . (deniers), , , , . , , . , . " " . (Aachen)." : Spuffard, Peter Money and its use in Medieval Europe Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) pg 43 and Grierson, Philip "Money and coinage under Charlemagne" in Braunfels, W. (Ed.) Karl der Grosse: Lebenswerk und Nachleben (Dusseldorf, 1965) pg 525.

[6]

solidus (306‑337 ) bezant. (4.55 ) (98% ) ‑700 ! , .

[7]

1220 Saxenspiegel : "Penninge schall me neuyen, als ein neye Herre kumpft" ( , ).

[8]

Spuffard, Peter Money and its use in Medieval Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) pg 57.

[9]

Petersen H. & Bertil A. Anglo Saxon Currency: King Edward"s Reform to the Norman Conquest (Lund, 1969).

[10]

Hooke, Della editor Anglo‑Saxon settlements (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988) pg 207.

[11]

Spuffard, Peter Ibid. Pg 302.

[12]

, , . , IV 13 14 , " " .

[13]

(Jacob von Mellen from Lubeck) "bracteat" , 1678 .

[14]

Berger, Frank Die Mittelaterlichen Brakteaten im Kestner‑Museum, Hannover 2. Teil (Hannover, 1996) pg. 9.

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[16]

(Medinet) , 1,6 ostraka. .

[17]

. , , " ". , , ‑, ( ). , . , , , , . , .

, , , , . , "" , , .

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Graves, Robert Mammon and the Great Goddess (London, 1964) quoted by Begg, Ean Ibid. Pg 126

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Galland, China Longing for Darkness: Tara and the Black Madonna (New York: Penguin Books, 1990) pg 51.

[20]

Pagels, Elaine The Gnostic Gospels (New York: Vintage Books, 1981) pg xvi.

[21]

Begg, Ean: The Cult of the Black Virgin (London:Routledge, 1985) pg 25‑26.

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, Citeaux 1108 1115 , . Charpentier, Louis Les Mysteres Templiers (Paris: Laffont, 1967) pg. 15.

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Huynen, Jacques: L"enigme des Vierges Noires (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1972) pg 116‑117.

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, 500 . Marks, Claude: Pilgrims, Heretics and Lovers (New York: Macmillan, 1975) pg 111.

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Godessing Regenerated Issue #6 pg. 5.

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", " . , , ", ". . Riffard, Pierre A. L"sotrisme: Anthologie de l"soterisme Occidental (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1990).

[27]

, , . ( Rollwagenbchlein 1555 .), , , " , ‑ !". : " , , ( ), , ".

[28]

Gustavson, Fred The Black Madonna (Boston: Sigo Press, 1990) pg. 25‑30.

[29]

Kamper, Dietmar Im Souterain der Bilder: Die Schwarze Madonna (Bodenheim: Philo, 1997) pg. 60.

[30]

Bonvin, Jacques Vierges Noires: La reponse vient de la Terre" (Paris: Dervy Livres, 1988) pg. 75.

[31]

Huynen, Jacques L"enigme des Vierges Noires (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1972). , .

[32]

Bonvin, Jacques Vierges Noires: La reponse vient de la Terre" (Paris: Dervy Livres, 1988) Pg 56. See also Van Cronenburg, Petra pg 21.

[33]

( " ") . Vierges Noires, : La Rponse vient de la terre. (Paris: Dervy‑Livres, 1988).

[34]

Van Cronenburg, Petra Schwarze Madonnen: Das Mysterium einer Kultfigur (Munchen: Hugendubel Verlag, 1999) pg. 23.

[35]

Van Cronenburg, Petra Schwarze Madonnen: Das Mysterium einer Kultfigur (Munchen: Hugendubel Verlag, 1999) pg 184.

[36]

Icher, Francois Les Oeuvriers des Cathedrales (Paris: Editions de la Martiniere, 1998) pg 14.

[37]

Begg,Ean: The Cult of the Black Virgin (London:Routledge, 1985) pg 6.

[38]

Huynen, Jacques L"enigme des Vierges Noires (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1972).

[39]

Bonvin, Jacques Vierges Noires: la reponse vient de la terre (Paris: Dervy, 1988) pg. 37 ff.

[40]

Kroll, Ursula Das Geheimnis der Schwarze Madonnen. Endeckungsreisen zu Orten der Kraft (Stuttgart: Kreuz Verlag, 1998). : , . , 1892 . , , . , , XVI , ׸ , . ( Petra van Cronenburg: Schwarze Madonnen: Das Mysterium einer Kultfigur (Munchen: Hugendubel, 1999) pg 15 and 16.)

[41]

Monaghan, Patricia The book of Goddesses and Heroines (St Paul, Minnesota:Llewellin Publications, 1990) .

[42]

Tao Te Ching #1, translated by Stephen Mitchell (New York: Harper & Row, 1988) number 1.

[43]

Neumann, Erich The Great Mother: An Analysis of an Archetype translated by Ralph Manheim (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974) pg 321. Italics added.

[44]

de Rougemont, Denis L"Amour et l"Occident (Paris, 1979)

[45]

Williamson, John The Oak King, the Holly King and the Unicorn: The Myths and Symbolism of the Unicorn Tapistries (New York: Harper and Row, 1986) The author is the designer of the medieval gardens at The Cloisters, New York.

[46]

C.G. Jung Psychologie und Alchemie (Zurich, 1946)

[47]

Aurofontina Chymica (London 1680) from site Alchemy on Line (http://www.levity.com/alchemy/frames.html)

[48]

Binswanger, Hans Christoph Geld und Magie: Deutung und Kritik der modernen Wirtschaft anhand von Goethe"s "Faust" (Stuttgart: Weinbrecht Verlag, 1985). Pg 20‑21

[49]

Begg, Ean The Cult of the Black Virgin (London: Penguin Books, 19985) pg 20.

[50]

Herder: Lexicon der Christliche Ikonografie Volume 3 pg 156

[51]

de Voragine, Jacques: Legenda Aurea (Golden Legends)

[52]

de Pisans, Christine Les Cent Histoires de Troyes (1499/1500) Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute II, 68.

[53]

Witt, R.E. Isis in the Ancient World (Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1971) respectively pg 276 and pg. 32.

[54]

Rosher, W. H. Ausfuhrliches Lexikon fur griechische und romishe Mythologie (Leipzig: 1882‑1921) ‑ "".

[55]

ʸ 1710 .

[56]

Witt, R.E. Isis in the Ancient World (Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1971) respectively pg 272‑273.

[57]

De Voragine, Jacques The Golden Legend (New York: Arno Press, 1969) pg 66.

[58]

Plutarch De Iside et Osiride 68. And Fontes Historiae Religiones Egyptiacae (ed. Hopfner, 1922) 254, 19.

[59]

Plutarch De Iside et Osiride 39

[60]

Gustavson, Fred: The Black Madonna (Boston: Sigo Press, 1990) pg. 90.

[61]

Witt, R.E. Isis in the Ancient World (Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1971) pg. 193‑194.

[62]

.. in Munchener Jahrhundert Bild Kunst, 1963 pg 35 , Histoire Genealogique de la Maison des Briconnet, 1620. .. Isis in the Ancient World (Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1971) pg 274. , ׸ .

[63]

‑, Recherches sur les volcans teints du Vivarais et du Velay , ׸ . Bonvin, Jacques Ibid. pg 205‑212, van Cronenburg, Petra Ibid. pg 35‑38.

[64]

" " (" Mensa Isaica"), 1 . . ., 1720 . . , ‑ , .

[65]

Tuchman, Barbara: ADistantMirror . Huizinga, JohannesTheAutumnoftheMiddleAges , 8.

[66]

Hochmittelalte, " ".

[67]

"" Haskins, C.H. Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science (Cambridge, Mass. 1927, 2d edition New York,1960). . [e.g. Gies, J. Cathedral, Forges and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995)] [e.g. Dronke, Peter, ed. Twelfth Century Western Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)].

[68]

Bayard, Jean‑Pierre La Tradition Cachee des Cathedrales (Paris: Dangles, 1990) pg. 39.

2[69] Ifrah, Georges: Histoire Universelle des Chiffres (Paris, Laffont, 1995) Tome II, pg. 361‑367.

[70]

Wetherbee, Winthrop: "Philosophy, Cosmology and the Twefth Century Renaissance" in Dronke, Peter, ed. Twelfth Century Western Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). 15 .

[71]

Ifrah, Georges: Ibid. Tome II. pg. 342.

[72]

Montaigne Essais Livre II.

[73]

Ifrah, Georges: Histoire Universelle des Chiffres (Paris, Laffont, 1995) Tome II, pg 360.

[74]

Werner, Alex editor: London Bodies: The Changing Shape of Londoners from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day (London: Museum of London, 1998) pg. 108.

[75]

Lacey, Robert and Danzinger, Danny The Year 1000: What life was like at the turn of the first Millennium (London: Little Brown & Co., 1999) pg 9.

[76]

Fourquin, Guy Histoire Economique de l"Occident Medieval (Paris: Armand Collin 1969) pg 215 italics added.

[77]

Icher, Francois Les Oeuvriers des Cathedrales (Paris: Editions de la Martiniere, 1998) pg 20.

[78]

Damaschke, D. History of the National Economy.

[79]

Fourquin, Guy Histoire Economique de l"Occident Medieval (Paria: Armand Collin 1969) pg 192 italics added

[80]

Fourquin, Guy Histoire Economique de l"Occident Medieval (Paris: Armand Collin 1969) pg 142.

[81]

.

[82]

Gies, J. Ibid pg 80.

[83]

Cantor, Norman F. The Civilization of the Middle Ages (New York: Harper Collins, 1993) pg 229.

[84]

Delort, Robert op. Cit. Pg 127

[85]

Reynolds, Robert Europe Emerges: Transition Toward an Industrial Word‑wide Society, 600‑1750 (Madison, Wisconsin, 1967). 185‑186

[86]

Gies, J. Cathedral, Forges and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995) pg 119 for looms, pg 176 for carding equipment, pg 177 for toothed warper.

[87]

Bayard, Jean‑Pierre La Tradition Cachee des Cathedrales (Paris: Dangles, 1990) pg. 42.

[88]

Moulin, Leo La Vie quotidienne des religieux au Moyen Age (Paris: Hachette, 1978) pg.267, 270.

[89]

Bayard, Jean‑Pierre La Tradition Cachee des Cathedrales (Paris: Dangles, 1990) pg. 42.

[90]

Moulin, Leo La Vie quotidienne des religieux au Moyen Age (Paris: Hachette, 1978) pg 272.

[91]

Fourquin, Guy Ibid pg 215.

[92]

Moulin, Leo La Vie quotidienne des religieux au Moyen Age (Paris: Hachette, 1978) pg 270.

[93]

Delort, Robert op. Cit. Pg 45.

[94]

Lacey, Robert and Danzinger, Danny The Year 1000: What life was like at the turn of the first Millennium (London: Little Brown & Co., 1999) pg 87.

[95]

Gies, Joseph Cathedral, Forges and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995) pg 107.

[96]

Gies, J. Ibid pg 148‑153.

[97]

Cippola, Carlo M. Geld‑Abenteuer: Extravagante Geschichten aus dem europaikshcen Wirtshschaftsleben (Berlin: Verlag Klaus Wagenbuch, 1995) pg. 11.

[98]

Cippola, Carlo Ibid pg 10.

[99]

Cippola, Carlo Ibid pg 12.

[100]

Ares, Philippe: History of Private Life: Vol II (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988) pg 581.

[101]

Delort, Robert La Vie au Moyen Age (Lausanne: Editta, 1982) pg 36.

[102]

Yalom, Marilyn A History of the Breast (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1997) pg. 161.

[103]

Montaigne The Complete Essays translated by Donald Frame (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1965) Vol I, pg. 41.

[104]

Delort, Robert La Vie au Moyen Age (Lausanne: Editta, 1982) pg 36‑37.

[105]

Huizinga, Johan The Autumn of the Middle Ages (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996) pg. 301‑302.

[106]

Ares, Philippe: History of Private Life: Vol II (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988) pg 582.

[107]

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[108]

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[109]

Bayard, Jean‑Pierre La Tradition Cachee des Cathedrales (Paris: Dangles, 1990) pg. 47

[110]

Pack, Hugo R. The Gothic 1150‑1450 (San Antonio: Free Economy Publishing).

[111]

Herliby, David Women, Family and Society in Medieval Europe: Historical Essays, 1978‑1991 (Oxford: Bergham Books, 1995) pg 33.

[112]

Kelly‑Gadol, Joan "Did Women Have a Renaissance?" in Bridendahl R. & Koonz C.(ed.) Becoming Visible: Women in European History (Boston, 1977) The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy (New York, 1929) , 5..

[113]

Uitz, Erica The Legend of Good Women: The Liberation of Women in Medieval Cities (London and Wakefield, Rhode Island: Myer Bell, 1994) pg 9.

[114]

: " Stadtluftmachtfrei."

[115]

Haeberle, Erwin J. The Sex Atlas (New York: Seabury Press, 1978) pg. 159.

[116]

Uitz Ibidem pg 10.

[117]

Uitz Ibidem pg 45.

[118]

Herlihy Ibid. Pg 68.

[119]

Turgot The Ancient Guild Statutes of France (1776).

[120]

Uitz, Erica Ibidem pg 10.

[121]

Herlihy Ibidem pg 71.

[122]

Herlihy Ibidem pg 61.

[123]

Herlihy, David: Women, Family and Society in Medieval Europe (Providence & Oxford: Berghalm Books, 1995) pg 51. " ", "DeOrdinePalatii" (882 A.D.)

[124]

Fell, Christine Women in Anglo‑Saxon England (London: British Museum, 1984) pg. 57.

[125]

Lacey, Robert and Danzinger, Danny The Year 1000: What life was like at the turn of the first Millennium (London: Little Brown & Co., 1999) pg. 164.

[126]

Pernoud, Regine La Femme au Temps des Cathedrales (Paris: Stock, 1980) pg 84.

[127]

Dhuoda Manuel pour mon Fils (translated by Bernard de Vregille et Claude Mondesert) (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1975).

[128]

de Rougemont, Denis L"Amour et l"Occident.

[129]

Pernoud, Ibidemtitle of Chapter 7 pg 134

[130]

Marks, Claude: Pilgrims, Heretics and Lovers (New York: Macmillan, 1975) pg x.

[131]

Lewis, C.S. The Allegory of Love (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965) pg 101.

[132]

Bogin, Mel Ibidem pg 12.

[133]

Goldwin, Malcolm Der heilige Gral. Ursprung, Geheimnis und Deutung einer Legende (Munchen: Heyne, 1994); Jung, Emma & von Franz, Marie‑Luise Die Gralslegende in psychologischer Sicht (Zurich: Walter, 1960); Kuhn, Dieter Der Parzifal des Wolfram von Eschenbach (Frankfurt/Main: Insel, 1986); Schmidt, Karl Otto: Dreistufenweg zum Gral (Munchen: Ergolding 1990).

[134]

ChretiendeTroyes, WolfgangvonEschenbach RobertdeBoron.

[135]

See Eisler,Riane The Chalice and the Blade (New York: Harper Collins, 1987)

[136]

Rahn, Otto: Kruezug gegen den Gral. Die Tragodie des Katharismus. (Stuttgart, 1964)

[137]

Bogin, Meg The Women Troubadours (New York, London: Norton & Company, 1980). ‑ , ‑ Die Provenzalischen Dichterinnen (Leipzig, 1878). . ChansonsdesTroubadours: LiederundSpielmusikdem 12. Jahrhundert, Studio der Fruhen Musik on Telefunken Das Altes Werk (SAWT 95673). ‑ Amour Courtois 13 ., " ". 4 (HMU 907109).

[138]

Bogin, Meg The Women Troubadours (New York, London: Norton & Company, 1980)

[139]

Bogin, Meg The Women Troubadours (New York, London: Norton & Company, 1980) pg 65.

[140]

Bogin, Meg Ibidem pg 74.

[141]

Bogin, Meg Ibidem pg 75.

[142]

Bogin, Meg Ibidem pg 133.

[143]

de Rougemont, Denis L"amour et l"Occident (Paris, 1969)

[144]

Chebel, Malek Dictionnaire des Symboles Musulmans: Rites, mystique et civilisation (Paris: Perrin, 1995) keywords: Sufisme, Nuit, Marie.

[145]

Van Cronenburg, Petra Ibid. pg. 172.

[146]

Van Cronenburg, Petra Ibid. pg 154.

[147]

Pernoud, Regine Alienor d"Aquitaine (Paris Albin Michel, 1965).

[148]

Pernoud, Regine La Femme au temps des Cathedrales (Paris: Stock, 1980).

[149]

Sr. Mary P. Heinrich The Canonnesses and Education in the Early Middle Ages (Washington DC: Catholic University, 1924) pg 82‑83.

[150]

Fell, Christine Women in Anglo‑Saxon England (London: British Museum, 1984) pg. 109.

[151]

Herliby, pg 61

[152]

Sitwell, Sachaverell Study of Medieval Life, Art and Thought

[153]

Le Goff, Jacques: Die Zeit des Hochmittelalters (Frankfurt: Fischers Weltgeschichte, 1965) pg.16.

[154]

Charpentier, Louis Les Mysteres Templiers (Paris: Laffont, 1967) pg 62.

[155]

Delort, Robert La vie au Moyen Age (Lausanne: Edita, 1982) pg 211‑212.

[156]

, : , . .

[157]

Delort, Robert La vie au Moyen Age (Lausanne: Edita, 1982) pg. 212

[158]

Bayard, Jean‑Pierre La Tradition Cachee des Cathedrales (Paris: Dangles, 1990)

[159]

Icher, Francois Les Oeuvriers des Cathedrales (Paris: Editions de La Martiniere, 1998) pg 50 and pg. 150.

[160]

‑, . . 300 , . .

[161]

Schock‑Werner, Barbara "Le Chantier de la cathedrale de Strasbourg" in Chantiers Medievaux (Editions du Zodiaque, DDB, 1995).

[162]

Dyer, Christopher Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social Change in England 1200‑1520 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) pg 101 italics added

[163]

Morris R. Cathedrals and Abbeys of England and Wales (London, 1979) pg 180

[164]

Van Cronenburg, Petra Schwarze Madonnen: Das Mysterium einer Kultfigur (Munchen: Hugendubel Verlag, 1999) pg. 143‑144, 146

[165]

, pg 147, 149

[166]

, pg 149.

[167]

Herlihy . Pg 20

[168]

Yalom Marilyn A History of the Breast (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1997) pg. 51.

[169]

Keen, Maurice: The Pelican History of Medieval England (London: Penguin Books, 1969) pg 82.

[170]

Fourquin, Guy Histoire conomique de l"Occident Mdival. (Paris: Armand Collin, 1969) pg 175

[171]

Lucas, H. S. "The Great European Famine of 1315‑1316" Speculum 15 (1930)

[172]

Werner, Alex London Bodies: the changing shape of Londoners from prehistoric times to the present day (London: Museum of London, 1998) pg. 62.

[173]

Harvey, Barbara "The crisis of the early fourteenth century" in Campbell, Bruce M.S. Before the Black Death: Studies in the "crisis" of the early Fourteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992) pg 2.

[174]

Duby G. Quoted by Fourquin G. Ibid pg 176.

[175]

Cippola, Carlo M. Geld‑Abenteuer: Extravagante Geschichten aus dem europaikshcen Wirtshschaftsleben (Berlin: Verlag Klaus Wagenbuch, 1995) pg. 21 italics added

[176]

Spufford, Peter Ibid. Pg 93.

[177]

.

[178]

. , , , . . (Danegeld), , .

[179]

" " . 1930‑ , (Q), (V) (E) , , E = QxV. , , .

[180]

: , , , . , , , " ", "" , .

[181]

Spufford, Peter Money and its use in Medieval Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) pg 267.

[182]

Cristobal Colon: Textos y Documentos Completos (Madrid: ed. C. Varela. 1982) . 32. 85 12 1494 17 1493 ., . , , , , , . Vilar, Pierre A History of Gold and Money 1450‑1920 (London: New Left Books, 1976).

[183]

Spufford, Peter, Ibid pg 389

 

 





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