, ( 161 199), , ( 261 299), . , (. ). 4. . . . , .
. .
1 (. 1.1).
1. , DEF, .
, , abc, abc . , . DEF def, DEF df. : DEF (- ).
. 1.1
, , , , DEF. df, DEF. , , .
N DEF: m n , m n .
- . , . ( N), DEF.
2. , .
. , , , , c . D, d. , e CD. e e , , ED. d d D.
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3. , MN, , V. D AD çBDç: çDCç = 1: 2.
MN , , , . , , MN, ad ^ mn, d D, AD MN.
V, , . MN ( ) - .
, D D . CD , MN. , . , . cd , 1 1d mn, b, b . , , d D.
2 (. 1.2).
1. ABCD.
. 1.2
: , , . , , .
, , BD. bd , . , , . , 1 1 . - d 1, , b . .
. ab cd CD , , , , , , CD . . a , cd, b , .
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2. , .
, . , , , , .
, . ab c, c , ab. d, D, , [ab] çç [cd], [ab] çç [cd] .
3. ABCD, AD 40 , 80 MN, .
(. ). MN , , MN, 40 . D. F , D MN, F, 20 . D çDç = 40 çç = 80 .
, , , , , , . , a a , (mn) (mn). MN , , , . a , 40 , d. a d.
(MN) çç, , , , D, . a d (mn). e f be cf, 20 . b c b c. D, .
1 (. 2.1).
1. , DE FG, .
, , , .
, , . . - 1, T1h. 1020 ( 1-2 12), 3040 ( 3-4 34). 1020 3040 , , ( m m) : , {DE ççFG}. , {DE ççFG}, .. , .
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, DE . DE - 2, T2h. 5060 ( 5-6 56). DE 5060 , 2, N ( n n) DE , .. DE , , {DE ççFG}.
. 2.1
N , .
, DE FG. . 50 70. 5 7 , 50, , 50, DE, : 50 ( ), 70 ( DE ) 50. 80, , 90, FG. 8 9 , 90 , 80. 90 ( FG), 80 ( ). , , .
2. , , .
: . , , , {,()}. , {,()} - , . , , AD, () 10. : [MN) çç() [MK) çç[AD).
3. ABCD, EF, 50 .
, , EF . BM , 50 , . , . D .
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. BM, , , . EF , . , , (bm), (bm). EF EF - , Th. , , 1020 ( 1-2 12). 1020 EF a a . .
, . , 50 , , - , , , , [BM), . . 30 ( 3 3). , , 30 310 ( b31 b31). , , b3 bc1, 50 . c .
, , d d D. d d .
2 (. 2.2)
1. 12 .
12 , , Ph, . , R, , .
, .
, , , R .
. 2.2
, , , 1 2. a1 a2 a1 a2, Ph. a2 2.
2. , - .
( ) . -: , ; , ; .
, , , , , . ( c c') , 10 101. ( p p'), 20201, , . Q ( q q'), , . 30 301. . , 40 401 ( 4' 41') , , 4 4' 40 401.
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3. , MN, , .
, MN D, AD MN D. .
, , . MN , , . a mn d, a'd' AD. MN , AD , . AD , - . - : V,H H,S, S [AD]. asds AD S , [asds] mn d, b . b' c', , .
(. ), ( 301 399), , , . () 3, . 1:1. 301-68 . , , 2.104-68. , . () . , .
1 (. 3.1).
S1 S2. , .
. , , .
, , , : 10 ( 1 1') 20 ( 2 2') . , .
, , . 1, T1v. S1 r1, S2 - R2, . , 1 , , .. . r1 R2, 3 31. 3' 31' T1h ( r1 R2).
, 10 20, . 2, T2v, R1 r2. 40 401.
. 3.1
S2, .
, , . : 50 501 S1, 60 601 - S2. , 5" 51" S1, 6" 6"1 - S2.
S2 ( ), S1, S2. 60 601, 6"1"61". 50 501 S1. , .
2 (. 3.2).
12 I1I2. , .
, . , .
, , , . , , .
, , , , . , m0 ( m m') R, 1 11, 1' 11'.
. 3.2
. 20 30 , 40 410, , 50 510, .
, . 5' 51' , 4' 41' .
, , .