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// strlen

// int length = strlen(src_str);// // char* buffer = new char[length + 1];strcpy(buffer, src_str); //

new . , new . , , . new ( 0). new :

char* newstr;

size_t length = 4;newstr = new (std::nothrow) char[length];if (newstr == NULL) { // // }//

. . , ++ . , , . . , .

.

delete. . , , , new, - .

, .. , "" . . -, , . , , 99 100 . , - , , .

. , - . ,

. , , , -, , -, , , , , ( delete new, ..).

(, ++ ), , . .

1. , . , .

2. . - ( ), .

3. , , .

4. (Purify Rational, Bounce Checker Nu-Mega ..)

. - ,

Complex x;

x

Complex& y = x;

x y .

x.real = 1;

x.imaginary = 2;

y.real 1 y.imaginary 2. , ( & -- ), , .

-, , , , .

int& xref;

int& xref = x;

-, , .. . xref

xref = y;

y , xref. xref - x. :

int x = 10;

int y = 20;int& xref = x;xref = y;x += 2;cout << "x = " << x << endl;cout << "y = " << y << endl;cout << "xref = " << xref << endl;

:

x = 22

y = 20xref = 22

-, . , , ->, ".".

Complex a;

Complex* aptr = &a;Complex& aref = a;aptr->real = 1;aref.imaginary = 2;

, . - , - .





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