, : = { a, b, c, d }, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, :
= { x / 2< x < 9, }, .. C = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
Ø, .
U , .
, .
: . .
.
= {7, 8, 10, 12}, = {7, 12}.
.
. U , , .
, , .
.
= {7, 8, 10, 12}, = {9, 10, 11, 12}.
= {7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
, , , .
.
= {7, 8, 10, 12}, = {9, 10, 11, 12}.
= {10, 12}.
\ , , , .
.
= {7, 8, 10, 12}, = {9, 10, 11, 12}.
\ = {7, 8}
\ .
.
= {7, 8, 10, 12}, U = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}.
\ = {6, 9, 11}.
() .
.
= { , b }.
() = {{ Ø }, { }, { b }, { , b }}.
R () , .
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R () = {X1, X2, X3, X4}.
.
= { , b, c }.
R () = {{ }, { b, c }} R () = {{ , b }, { c }} R () = {{ , }, { b }}.
() , , .
: . , .
Y , , Y.
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: . Y.
Y , , Y.
: . Y.
Y , , , Y - .
: . Y, , Y.
Y , , Y .
: ; ~ Y. , Y, Y.
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1. 50 6 . 28 , 25, 26. 14 , 12, 12. 5 . ? , -.
.
, , , . U . - .
:
. -.
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, ,
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, ,
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, 4 .
2. U = {1,3,4, 5,6,7,8} X = {1,3,5,7}, Y = {3,5,7,8}, Z = {1,4,7,8}. Z X.
.
Z. , , , , :
{ Ø, {1}, {4}, {7}, {8}, {1,4}, {1,7}, {1,8}, {4,7}, {4,8}, {7,8}, {1,4,7}, {1,4,8}, {1,7,8}, {4,7,8}, {1,4,7,8}.
, , , ,
: , ( =Ø, = Ø, Ø), :
.
, X: .
:
{1,3,5,7} \ {3,5,7,8} = {1} ( );
U \ Z = {1,3,4, 5,6,7,8} \ {1,4,7,8} = {3, 5,6} ( );
={1} {3, 5,6} = ( ).
, = .
3. :
.
.
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( )
, :