-
:
..., ..
.. : , 2. .: , 2009. - 104 .
, , , , . .
, . , .
. 4. . 17. .: 14 .
1 230101 , , .
.
ã .., 2009
ã
1 ................ 4
1.1 ...... 4
1.2 腅.............. 7
1.3 ......10
1.4 .............12
1.4.1 , ............ 13
1.4.2 , .................. 15
1.5 . .18
1.6 ................ 21
2 . .......24
2.1 텅..24
2.2 ()......31
2.3 ....... 33
3 .... 36
3.1 .............36
3.2 ̅.....38
3.3 ̅...... 42
4 Ӆ............ 46
4.1 .......... 46
4.2 ...... 48
4.3 ....50
5 . ..56
5.1 , ..... 56
5.2 .......... 60
5.3 ......... 63
6 腅...65
6.1 . ........ 65
6.2 ..... 67
6.3 .... 71
|
|
6.4 .......... 74
6.5 .......... 77
6.6 ........ 78
7 : ...... 81
7.1 ...............81
7.2 ().......... 83
7.3 х....... 87
7.4 ( ).... 89
8 腅.......91
8.1 ............. 91
8.3 World Wide Web ...............94
8.4 . ............. 97
....................... 104
1
1.1
, , ( ).
, , .
: , , , . , 1.1.
, , , . .
, , (, , ).
, , , .
, , . , (, , ).
, ( ; ).
, , , . , 300 3400 , , , 16 20 000 .
, .
|
|
. , , . 1.1.
1.1
, | |||
, | |||
, | |||
, | |||
, | , | ||
, | , |
, , , , , ().
(, , ) ( ; ..).
, .
, , . .
, , .
.
, , .
1.2
, .
, ( ) (, , , ..)
, , .
um .
, ( 1.2). 1 () 0 ().
, . , t0 , .
, t0, (, 2t0) , .
, t0, , - , .
|
|
, um t0, .
I, t0, , I /t0 , .
= I /t0. I , t0 - , / ( ). :
1 / = 103 /,
1 / = 106 /,
1 / = 109 /.
I . N pi,
(2), , = .
1. 3- p1 = 0,2, p2 = 0,7, p3 = 0,1 . . 500 . ?
N = 3, I = 1,16
K ³ log2N = 2 (2 )
/
t I. , J = I/t.
J, , /.
t0 - , , , , J £ C.
, .
1.3
, .
, , , , .
: - 1 0, . 0, p 10 = p 01 = p. , , (1- p). , ,
H = .
, , H, (I) = I H.
, R:
I = 1 , , p = 0,5
CR = 0. , 0 1, , , ( 1.3).
CR p = 0 ( ), p = 1! ( , 1 0 , , ).
CR < C.
2. CR/C, 1 100 , ?
= 1/100; , I = 1 .
, 8%.
.
|
|
, , , ()
,
Ns , Nn
, , .
, () , .
1.4
. , ( ) ?
, . , .
:
, , .
, , . ( ); , , .
, ; .
2 () :
- ;
- ().
. -, 1 ( ).
-, .
, , ( ), () , ( ).
, , , () ().
, , , . .
1.4.1 ,
. .
, .
, , , . , , .
, ( ) .
, , L=2.
, . ki. (kc = 1), , (ki +1) .
, 01010100 1, 11011011 0.
, .
, 1 10110111 ( ) , .
|
|
, , , , .
.
ki . , ki, -, , ; -, .
ki = 8 16, , , L = 1,125 (1,0625).
. , 8 , , . , 8- , 9- . , . , 8- . , , .
1.4.2 ,
, , , , . , , . L = 3, .
, , .. (40- ). , , .
, 1.2, 4, 3.
1.2
, 3. , , , . ( , , , 3 ).
, , , . 1, , 2.
, , , , , 1, . .
, , 010100. , ( 1.3).
1.3
, , , .
. , , . .
1948 . , . , .
, ( ), () , 2, .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
:
1 - 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 ;
2 - 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15;
4 - 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23;
8 - 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26.
, . , .
: (n), , n , n , .
4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 (1,3, 5, 7, 9, 11) , .
2 (2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11) , 3-, 7, 11 , 5 9.
4 (4, 5, 6, 7, 12) , 5 .
, , 5- . ( ), .
, , 5 , (1 4) , .