16,8 14,7 . (..)
. 1. , . :
,
m(Me) m(H2SO4) , ;
m(Me) m(H2SO4) - , /.
1. :
,
() , /.
2. , :
,
3. :
,
r() () .
4. , :
,
V(H2) , ;
V (H2) , /.
11,2 /
: m()=56 /
r()=112 ...
V(H2)=3,36
1
/ | , | , | ||
1. | 8,6 | 15,0 | ||
2. | 11,7 | 18,5 | ||
3. | 16,6 | 27,0 | ||
4. | 11,8 | 25,0 | ||
5. | 38,3 | 32,0 | ||
6. | 32,9 | 19,0 | ||
7. | 27,5 | 34,0 | ||
8. | 35,3 | 13,0 | ||
9. | 12,0 | 17,0 | ||
10. | 8,2 | 15,0 | ||
11. | 15,4 | 11,0 | ||
12. | 35,7 | 19,0 | ||
13. | 9,2 | 25,0 | ||
14. | 14,4 | 24,0 | ||
15. | 24,0 | 27,0 | ||
16. | 3,8 | 15,6 | ||
17. | 3,7 | 13,2 | ||
18. | 10,7 | 14,0 | ||
19. | 1,5 | 8,0 | ||
20. | 12,9 | 15,0 | ||
21. | 21,1 | 10,0 | ||
. 1 | ||||
22. | 13,9 | 21,0 | ||
23. | 7,6 | 31,0 | ||
24. | 5,9 | 11,5 | ||
25. | 13,1 | 21,3 | ||
26. | 29,2 | 27,4 | ||
27. | 10,9 | 19,1 | ||
28. | 6,6 | 18,0 | ||
29. | 5,9 | 24,0 | ||
30. | 7,0 | 17,2 |
.
1
15 . , (, , ), . . .
|
|
. 1. 15 , , . 15 , . :
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 [Ne]3s23p3
2. . .
3s | 3p | |||||||||
2s | 2 | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |||||
1s | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ||||||
↑↓ |
, d- .
3s | 3p | 3d | |||||||||||||
2s | 2 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |||||||||
1s | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | |||||||||||
↑↓ | |||||||||||||||
3. p-, p-.
4. , . , . , , . .
5. - . , 3. -3,+3. , 5 +5.
2
Mg2+.
. :
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 [Ne]3s2
. , . , :
|
|
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s0
:
3s0 | 30 | |||||||
2s2 | 26 | |||||||
1s2 | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ||||
↑↓ |
2
/ | () | () | () | |
1. | K+ | |||
2. | Ca2+ | |||
3. | Cl- | |||
4. | As3- | |||
5. | As3+ | |||
6. | As5+ | |||
7. | Sn2+ | |||
8. | Sn4+ | |||
9. | S2- | |||
10. | Mg2+ | |||
11. | P3- | |||
12. | Se2- | |||
13. | Cs+ | |||
14. | Sb3+ | |||
15. | Sb5+ | |||
16. | Pb2+ | |||
17. | Pb4+ | |||
18. | Sn4+ | |||
19. | Ca2+ | |||
20. | Rb+ | |||
21. | Br- | |||
22. | Na+ | |||
23. | Bi3+ | |||
24. | Bi5+ | |||
25. | Al3+ | |||
26. | Li+ | |||
27. | Sr2+ | |||
28. | Ba2+ | |||
29. | I- | |||
30. | F- |
ΔH0298, ΔS0298 ΔG0298
2Mg() + CO2() = 2MgO()+ C()
- . .
. , :
Mg() | CO2() | MgO() | C() | |
ΔH0298, -1 | -395,4 | -602,0 | ||
S0298, -1-1 | 32,6 | 213,8 | 26,8 | 5,9 |
1. ΔH0298 , . , , :
ΔH0298 = ΣΔH0298 - - ΣΔH0298 - = 2ΔH0298(MgO()) + ΔH0298(C()) - 2 ΔH0298(Mg()) - ΔH0298(CO2()) = -602,0 2 + (-395,4) = -810,1 ()
, , .
2. ΔS0298 :
ΔS0298 = ΣS0298 - - ΣS0298 -= 2S0298(MgO()) + S0298(C()) - 2 S0298(Mg()) - S0298(CO2()) = 2 5,9 + 26,8 - 232,6 - 213,8 = -240,4 (/)
3. ΔH0298 ΔS0298, ΔG0298 . :
ΔG0298 = ΔH0298 - ҷ ΔS0298 ; =298
ΔG0298 = -810,1- 298(-0,2404) = -738,5 ()
, ΔG0298 , .
|
|
: ΔH0298 = -810,1
ΔS0298 = -240,4 /
ΔG0298 =-735,8
3
/ | |
1. | C2H4() + 3O2() = 2CO2() + 2H2O() |
2. | Fe2O3() + 3 2() = 2 Fe() + 3 H2O () |
3. | Fe2O3 () + 3 C () = 2 Fe () + 3 CO () |
4. | Fe2O3 () + 3 CO () = 2 Fe () + 3 CO2 () |
5. | 2H 2S () + 3 O2 () = 2 H2O () + 2 SO 2 () |
6. | 2 CH 3OH () + 3 O2 () = 4 H2O () + 2 CO2 () |
7. | 8Al () + 3 Fe3O4 () = 9 Fe () + 4Al 2O 3 () |
8. | 4 HCl () + O2 () = 2Cl 2 () + 2 H2O () |
9. | 4 NH 3 () + 3 O2 () = 2N 2 () + 6 H2O () |
10. | 2H 2S () + O2 () = 2 H2O () + 2S () |
11. | 4NH3 () + 5O2() = 4NO() + 6H2O () |
12. | 4 NH3 () + 3 O2() = 2N 2 () + 6 H2O () |
13. | 2 CH4() = C 2H 2 () + 3 H2 () |
14. | 2SO 2 () + O2() = 2SO 3 () |
15. | CO () + H2O () = CO2 () + H2 () |
16. | 4HCl () + O2() = 2 H2O () + 2Cl2() |
17. | CO2 () + 4 H2 () = CH4() + 2 H2O () |
18. | SO2() + 2 H 2S () = 3S () + 2 H2O () |
19. | PCl 3 () + Cl 2 () = PCl 5 () |
20. | 2FeO () + 2SO2 () + O2 () = 2FeSO4 () |
21. | CdO() + H2() = Cd() + H2O() |
22. | 2N2O5 () = 4NO2() + O2() |
23. | H2O2() + H2() = 2H2O() |
24. | 2NO() + H2() =N2O() + H2O() |
25. | 2NO() + 2H2() = N2() + 2H2O() |
26. | 2O3() = 3O2() |
27. | N2() + O2() = 2NO() |
28. | C6H6() +7,5 O2() = 6CO2() + 3H2O() |
29. | KClO3() = KCl() + 1,5O2() |
30. | CuO() + C() = Cu() + CO() |
2SO2() + O2() ↔ 2SO3(),
2 /. 3 . 30 70, 2.
. 1. : ,
[SO3], [SO2], [O2] (VI), (IV) .
:
1. (υ) .
:
. :
, :
27 , 9 , , .
2. -:
,
υ t1 υ t2 - t1 t2;
γ .
:
, 40, 16 .
4
/ | , / | , 0 | ||||
- | - | |||||
1. | CO() + H2O() ↔ CO2() + H2() | 2,0 | ||||
2. | 2NO() + O2() ↔ 2NO2() | 3,0 | ||||
3. | CO2() + C() ↔ 2CO() | 2,5 | ||||
4. | N2() + O2() ↔ 2NO() | 2,0 | ||||
5. | NO() + Cl2() ↔ NOCl2() | 3,0 | ||||
6. | 2H2() +O2() ↔ 2H2O() | 2,0 | ||||
7. | 2SO2() + O2() ↔ 2SO3() | 3,0 | ||||
8. | CO() + 3H2() ↔ CH4() + H2O() | 2,0 | ||||
9. | H2() +CO2() ↔ CO() + H2O() | 2,0 | ||||
10. | 4NH3 () + 5O2() ↔ 4NO() + 6H2O () | 2,0 | ||||
11. | CO () + Cl2() ↔ COCl2 () | 2,5 | ||||
12. | CH4() + CO2 () ↔ 2CO () + 2H2 () | 3,0 | ||||
13. | C2H4() + 3 O2() ↔ 2CO2 () + 2H2O () | 2,5 | ||||
14. | 2 CH4() ↔ C 2H 2 () + 3 H2 () | 3,0 | ||||
15. | Fe 2O 3 () + CO () ↔ 2FeO () + CO2 () | 2,0 | ||||
16. | 4HCl () + O2() ↔ 2 H2O () + 2Cl2() | 2,5 | ||||
17. | CO2 () + C () ↔ 2 CO () | 2,0 | ||||
18. | 2 CO () + O2() ↔ 2 CO2 () | 3,0 | ||||
19. | N 2 () + 3 H2 () ↔ 2 NH3 () | 2,0 | ||||
20. | CO2 () + 4 H2 () ↔ CH4() + 2 H2O () | 3,0 | ||||
21. | CH4() + CO2 () ↔ 2 CO () + 2 H2 () | 2,0 | ||||
.4 | ||||||
22. | Fe 2O 3 () + 3 CO () ↔Fe () +3 CO2 () | 2,0 | ||||
23. | 4 NH3 () +3 O2() ↔2N 2 () + 6 H2O () | 2,0 | ||||
24. | C () + H2O () ↔ CO () + H2 () | 3,0 | ||||
25. | CO () + H2O () ↔ CO2 () + H2 () | 2,0 | ||||
26. | 4Hr + O2() ↔ 2 H2O () + 2 r2() | 3,0 | ||||
27. | PCl 5 () ↔ PCl 3 () + Cl2() | 3,0 | ||||
28. | 2NO() + O2() ↔ 2 NO 2 () | 2,0 | ||||
29. | 2SO 2 () + O2() ↔ 2SO 3 () | 3,0 | ||||
30. | 2C () + O2() ↔ 2 CO () | 2,0 |
|
|
250 8 (II) CuCl2. , , , . 1,17 /
- 25. 0,9.
. 1.
, 100
, , :
m () = m(H2O) + m (CuCl2), ρ(H2O)=1/; m(H2O) = ρ(H2O) V(H2O), m(H2O) = 1 250 = 250 , m ()=250 + 8=258 ().
2. :
, 1
,
n , ;
V , .
, :
3. ()
, 1
,
n ;
V , .
n
,
m (CuCl2) CuCl2, /
4.
, 1
,
m(-) ,
5.
|
|
:
5. , , 1
7. CuCl2 , - ( ). :
,
α ;
N , .
:
CuCl2 ↔ u2+ + 2Cl-
:
i = 0,9(3 - 1) + 1 = 2,8
.
,
P - , ;
i ;
, /;
R (8,31 -1-1);
, .
P = 2,80,278,31298=1872
8. , I- :
,
Δ , ;
0 ;
.
9. , II- :
Δt = iʷm Δt = iŷm,
, ( = 1,86, = 0,52);
m .
Δt = 2,81,860,24 = 1,25
Δt =2,80,520,24 = 0,35
: , , , , , , P = 1872 , ,
Δt = 1,25, Δt = 0,35 .
5
/ | , | , | , / | , | ||
1. | CoCl 2 | 1,030 | 0,80 | |||
2. | NH 4Cl | 1,047 | 0,87 | |||
3. | Fe 2(SO4) 3 | 1,020 | 0,90 | |||
4. | NiSO 4 | 1,032 | 0,76 | |||
5. | Sn (NO3) 2 | 1,042 | 0,89 | |||
6. | Pb(NO3) 2 | 1,020 | 0,79 | |||
7. | NaNO 2 | 1,030 | 0,87 | |||
8. | K 2S | 1,012 | 0,86 | |||
9. | Na 2SO3 | 1,019 | 0,78 | |||
10. | Li 2SO 3 | 1,048 | 0,88 | |||
11. | Ba(NO2)2 | 1,060 | 0,76 | |||
12. | ZnSO4 | 1,046 | 0,85 | |||
13. | NH4NO3 | 1,037 | 0,89 | |||
14. | KNO2 | 1,028 | 0,91 | |||
15. | CH3COOK | 1,025 | 0,84 | |||
16. | FeCl2 | 1,030 | 0,77 | |||
17. | CrCl3 | 1,020 | 0,75 | |||
18. | CuCl2 | 1,042 | 0,69 | |||
19. | AlCl3 | 1,045 | 0,78 | |||
20. | Na3PO4 | 1,043 | 0,68 | |||
21. | Cu(NO3) 2 | 1,028 | 0,79 | |||
.5 | ||||||
22. | ZnCl2 | 1,035 | 0,90 | |||
23. | FeCl3 | 1,029 | 0,89 | |||
24. | HNO3 | 1,025 | 0,77 | |||
25. | K2SO4 | 1,041 | 0,70 | |||
26. | Na2SO4 | 1,033 | 0,80 | |||
27. | K2Cr2O7 | 1,027 | 0,79 | |||
28. | AgNO3 | 1,032 | 0,86 | |||
29. | NaI | 1,019 | 0,83 | |||
30. | H2SO4 | 1,021 | 0,90 |
(), 100 , 5 /. - .
= m / m V ,
, /;
m , ;
m , /;
V ,
2. :
,
, /
3. m :
4. :
MgCl2 + Na2B4O7 = Mg B4O7 ↓+ 2 NaCl;
:
Mg2+ + B4O72- = Mg B4O7↓
: m(Na2B4O7) = 50,5
.
6
/ | , | , / | , | ||
1. | 10,1 | ||||
2. | |||||
3. | |||||
4. | |||||
5. | |||||
6. | |||||
7. | - | - | |||
8. | |||||
9. | |||||
10. | |||||
11. | |||||
12. | |||||
13. | |||||
14. | - | - | |||
15. | |||||
16. | |||||
17. | |||||
18. | |||||
19. | |||||
20. | |||||
21. | |||||
22. | |||||
23. | |||||
24. | |||||
25. | |||||
26. | |||||
27. | |||||
.6 | |||||
28. | |||||
29. | |||||
30. |
- , : Na2CO3 Mn(NO3)2.
. 1. Na2CO3 , NaOH H2CO3. . , . , .
1
CO32- + HOH ↔ HCO3- + OH- - -
2Na+ + CO32- + HOH ↔Na+ + HCO3- + Na+ +OH- - -
Na2CO3 + HOH ↔ NaHCO3 + NaOH -
- , -, . >7.
2. (II) Mn(NO3)2 , Mn(OH)2 . , .
1
Mn2+ + HOH = (MnOH)+ + H+
Mn2+ + 2NO3- + HOH = (MnOH)+ + NO3- + H+ + NO3-
Mn(NO3)2 + HOH = Mn(OH)NO3 + HNO3
(II) Mn(OH)NO3 , .
, , . < 7.
7
/ | ||
1. | K2CO3 | CuCl2 |
2. | FeCl3 | NaNO2 |
3. | ZnCl2 | Na2S |
4. | Rb2S | AlCl3 |
5. | Zn(NO3) 2 | Ba(CH3COO) 2 |
6. | Cu(NO3) 2 | Na3PO4 |
7. | Bi(NO3) 3 | Ca(CH3COO) 2 |
8. | NaHS | NiCl2 |
9. | NH4NO3 | Na3AsO4 |
10. | KHCO3 | SnCl2 |
11. | NaCN | Al(NO3) 3 |
12. | KNO2 | (NH4) 2SO4 |
13. | NaHSO3 | Ca(HS) 2 |
14. | Na2HPO4 | CoSO4 |
15. | CH3COOK | CrCl3 |
16. | KHS | MnSO4 |
17. | KCN | FeCl2 |
18. | ZnSO4 | Ca(HS) 2 |
19. | Ca(CN) 2 | CoCl 2 |
20. | HCOONa | Mn(ClO 4) 2 |
21. | NaHSO 3 | NH 4Cl |
22. | Li 2 SO 3 | Bi2(SO4)3 |
23. | K 2HPO 4 | Fe 2(SO4) 3 |
24. | Ba(NO2)2 | Cr(NO 3) 3 |
25. | ZnCl2 | NiSO 4 |
26. | KHCO3 | Ni(NO 3) 2 |
27. | Na 2SO3 | MnCl 2 |
28. | NaHS | NH4NO3 |
29. | K 2S | Pb(NO3) 2 |
30. | NaNO 2 | Sn(NO3) 2 |
Na2[Zn(OH)4]. . . .
. 1. :
Na2[Zn(OH)4] ↔ 2Na+ + [Zn(OH)4]2-
():
[Zn(OH)4] 2- ↔ Zn2+ + 4OH-
2. :
Na+ -
[Zn(OH)4]2- - ( )
Zn2+ -
OH- -
3. .
, , (). (-) (-) ; .
4. ( ) 4.
5. , :
8
/ | ||
1. | Na[AuCl4] | [Cr(H2O) (NH3)5]Br3 |
2. | [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 | K[FeCl6] |
3. | [Al(H2O)6]Cl3 | K4[Pt(CN)4Cl2] |
4. | Na3[CoCl6] | [Co(NH3)3(H2O)2Br]Cl2 |
5. | [Ni(NH3)4]SO4 | K[Ag(NO2)2] |
6. | Na3[Al(OH)6] | [Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 |
7. | [Cu(NH3)4] SO4 | Na3[Co(CN)6] |
8. | Na2[Sn(OH)4] | [Cr(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Br2 |
9. | [Al(H2O)6]Cl3 | K3[Fe(CN)6] |
10. | [Ni(NH3)4](OH)2 | K3[Co(CN)6] |
11. | K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] | [Co(H2O)2(NH3)3Cl]Br2 |
12. | H2[PtCl6] | [Pt(H2O)2(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 |
13. | K3[Fe(CN)6] | [Cr(NH3)5Cl]Br2 |
14. | [Cr(NH3)4(H2O)2]Cl3 | Na[Fe(CN)6] |
15. | K[PtCl5(NH3)] | [Co(H2O)4(NH3)2]Cl3 |
16. | Na3[Ir(CN)6] | [Pt(NH3)4Br2]Cl2 |
17. | K2[SiF6] | [Co(H2O)2(NH3)2Cl2]Br |
18. | [Pt(NH3)4Br2]Br2 | Na3[Co(CN)6] |
19. | K3[Co(CN)6] | [Cu(H2O)2(NH3)2]Cl2 |
20. | [Ag(NH3)2]Cl | K[PtCl5(NH3)] |
21. | K3[Co(CN)6] | [Zn(NH3)4] SO4 |
22. | [Cu(NH3)4]Cl2 | H2[SiF6] |
23. | K[AuBr4] | [Cr(H2O)4(NH3)Cl]Br2 |
24. | Ba[Cu(SCN)(CN)3] | [Cr(H2O)3(NH3)2Cl] SO4 |
25. | K2[Cd(CN)4] | [Cr(H2O)6]Br3 |
26. | Na3[Co(CN)4Cl2] | [Cd(NH3)4](OH)2 |
27. | [Co(H2O)4(NH3)Cl]Cl2 | K4[Co(CN)6] |
28. | H2[PtCl6] | [Cr(NH3)5Cl]Br2 |
29. | K3[Co(CN)4Cl2] | [Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 |
30. | H2[PtCl4] | [Co(NH3)3(H2O)3]Cl3 |